*Chapter 50 - Pediatric Chest

Question 1

____________ is the most common cause of lobar pneumonia throughout childhood.

Answer 1

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 2

______ pneumonia due to aspiration of mineral oil can develop in children who are given oral mineral oil for treatment of constipation.

Answer 2

Lipoid pneumonia

Question 3

The most common cause of an interstitial pattern in the lungs of a child is ________.

Answer 3

viral or Mycoplasma infection

Question 4

Military Nodule pattern (in children) is most often caused by _____.

Answer 4

hematogenous dissemination of tuberculosis or histoplasmosis

Question 5

The ______ is a curvilinear vertical vein that usually extends along the right heart border and empties into the inferior vena cava, resulting in partial anomalous pulmonary venous return.

Answer 5

scimitar

Question 6

The most common cause of intrathoracic compression of the fetal lungs is _____.

Answer 6

congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 7

Extrathoracic compression of the fetal lungs is most often caused by _____.

Answer 7

oligohydramnios
secondary to fetal urinary tract abnormalities or
by abnormal amniotic fluid production or leakage.

Question 8

______ is an acquired hypoplastic lung that develops following severe obliterative bronchiolitis, leading to bronchiolar obstruction, bronchiectasis, and distal airspace destruction.

Answer 8

Swyer-James syndrome

Question 9

This important feature helps to distinguish the hypoplastic Swyer-James lung from the congenitally hypoplastic lung.

Answer 9

Air trapping

- results in a lung that changes very little in size between inspiration and expiration.

Question 10

A _______ is the key radiographic clue to the presence of an obstructing vascular ring.

Answer 10

right-sided aortic arch

Question 11

In older infants and children, obstructive emphysema is most often caused by an _______.

Answer 11

endobronchial foreign body or a mucous plug

Question 12

________ are thin-walled lung cavities that commonly occur with pulmonary infections in children.

Answer 12

Pneumatoceles

Question 13

An important clue to the correct diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia is the ______.

Answer 13

absence or paucity of gas-filled bowel loops within the abdomen

Question 14

Continued use of positive pressure-assisted ventilation and high oxygen concentration damages the lung parenchyma and results in the condition known as _____.

Answer 14

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia