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BIOL 213 > Chapter 51 - Animal Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 51 - Animal Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

What did Ivan Pavlov study?

A

Studied classical conditioning (dog salivation)

Found that an involuntary behavior can be modified by experience (conditioned response)

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2
Q

What did BF Skinner study?

A

Operant conditioning in rats

Found that a voluntary behavior can be changed with a reward/punishment based system

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3
Q

Define classical conditioning.

A

When an arbitrary (involuntary) behavior is associated with a stimulus.

Neutral stimulus + unconditioned response becomes a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

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4
Q

Define operant conditioning.

A

When a specific (voluntary) behavior is associated with reward or punishment leading to an association between the behavior and the consequences for that behavior.
Also called trial and error learning

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5
Q

What did Karl von Frisch study?

A

Bee language

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6
Q

What did Konrad Lorenz study?

A

Imprinting/bonding between parent and offspring

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7
Q

What did Niko Tinbergen study?

A

Instinct behaviors

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8
Q

What is a fixed action pattern?

A

A sequence is innate unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus, is unchangeable and once initiated, usually carried to completion. It is triggered by a sign stimulus.

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9
Q

What is a sign stimulus?

A

An external cue that triggers a fixed action pattern

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10
Q

Define migration.

A

A regular, long-distance change in location from an area of good food supply to an area that is good for breeding/giving birth.

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11
Q

What is bi-coordinate navigation?

A

True/unlearned navigation in which animals can get to/from a place they have never traveled before using environmental cues. Occurs in species where there is no parental care after birth.

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12
Q

Describe the circadian clock.

A

Controls circadian rhythms in daily behaviors and is controlled by the SNC (suprachiasmic nuclei) in mammals; read the position of the sun

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13
Q

Why are some animals diurnal and some nocturnal?

A

They depend on when their food supply is active.

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14
Q

Who uses the position of the North Star?

A

Nocturnal animals

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15
Q

Who uses the Earth’s magnetic field and how?

A

Pigeons and some sharks through iron or crystal or magnetite in their heads

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16
Q

Who uses the position of the Milky Way?

A

African Dung Beetle!

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17
Q

Describe Circannual Rhythms and when they are important.

A

Changing seasons; daylight and darkness are common seasonal cues; some behaviors are linked to lunar cycles which affect ocean tides.
Important in Migration, Hibernation and Reproduction

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18
Q

Define Communication

A

The transmission and reception of signals

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19
Q

What are the four modes of animal communication

A

Visual
Chemical (pheromones)
Tactile
Auditory

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20
Q

What kind of communication do diurnal animals use? Nocturnal?

A

Visual and auditory

Auditory and olfactory

21
Q

Describe visual display in squid

A

They use their color and posture. Do not use sound because it radiates everywhere

22
Q

What cues are being used in bee communication

A

Tactile and chemical
Round dance tells food is near
Waggle dance describes location of more distant food

23
Q

Describe pheromones

A

They work intraspecifically and are effective at low concentrations

24
Q

Define innate behavior.

A

(Fixed action pattern) a developmentally fixed behavior that does no vary among individuals

25
Q

Define cross fostering.

A

When the young of one species are placed in the care of adults from another species in the same or similar environment to measure learning in a species

26
Q

Define learning

A

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences.

Depends on the formation of memories

27
Q

Describe imprinting

A

The establishment of a long lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object and includes both learning and innate components and is generally irreversible.
It is distinguished from other learning by a sensitive period.

28
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

(Critical period) a limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned and is usually very short and soon after birth

29
Q

Describe imprinting in geese.

A

Period lasts for a few hours; imprint stimulus is an object that is close and moving away from it

30
Q

Describe imprinting in seals.

A

Lasts a few minutes and they use smell and sound

31
Q

Describe what happened when sandhill cranes were used to imprint for whooping cranes.

A

Whooping cranes could not make strong pair bonds with other whooping cranes when it came to mating

32
Q

What is associative learning?

A

The ability to associate one environmental feature (ie color) with another (ie taste)

33
Q

Define cognition

A

A process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement
Ex. Honeybees can distinguish “same” from “different” and can recognize individuals

34
Q

Describe problem solving

A

The process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

Ie. Chimpanzees, ravens, catfish

35
Q

What is social learning?

A

Learning through the observation of others and forms the rocks of culture

36
Q

Define culture

A

Information transferred by observation or teaching that influences the behavior of individuals in a population; can alter behavior and influence the fitness of individuals

37
Q

List the food obtaining behavior included in foraging

A

Recognizing prey
Searching for prey
Capturing prey
Eating prey

38
Q

What does mating behavior include?

A

Seeking or attracting mates
Choosing among potential mates
Competing for mates
Caring for offspring

39
Q

Define promiscuity

A

No strong pair bonds or lasting relationships

40
Q

Describe monogamy

A

One male mates with one female; usually morphological similar

41
Q

Describe polygamy

A

One individual mates with many of the opposite sex; usually sexually dimorphic

42
Q

Define polygyny and what are the benefits?

A

When one male mates with many females; males are usually larger and more showy
Males gain higher fitness and more offspring
Females offspring will have good traits and they will get protection

43
Q

Describe polyandry and it’s benefits.

A

One female mates with many males; females are usually larger and more showy
Males compete and offspring get better traits
Females get protection

44
Q

What is coefficient of relatedness?

A

The fraction of genes that on average are shared

45
Q

Define altruism

A

A behavior that reduces one’s fitness but increases the fitness of others in the population

46
Q

Define inclusive fitness

A

When an animal’s offspring contributes to its individual fitness because they’re related

47
Q

Define Kin selection

A

The natural selection that favors altruistic behaviors by enhancing reproductive success of close relatives and weakens with hereditary distance

48
Q

Describe reciprocal altruism

A

Altruistic behavior toward unrelated individuals and is only positive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future; rare and limited to species with stable social groups where individuals meet repeatedly and cheaters are punished

BIOL 213 (6 decks)

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