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Biology Chapter 5 > Chapter 5.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 5.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Morphs

A

genetic varieties of the same species

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2
Q

Inheritance patterns

A

the predictable patterns seen in the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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3
Q

Hereditary traits

A

inherited traits

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4
Q

True-breeding plant

A

self-fertilized plant that produces offspring identical in appearance to itself generation after generation

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5
Q

Cross-fertilization

A

sperm from the pollen of one plant fertilizes the eggs in a flower of a different plant

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6
Q

“F” stands for

A

filius and filia, Latin words for son and daughter

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7
Q

Hybrids

A

offspring that results from crossing two true-breeding varieties of the same species

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8
Q

Monohybrid

A

type of hybrid offspring in which the parents differ in just one trait

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9
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

hybrids with parents that differ in one trait are crossed

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10
Q

Allele

A

alternative version of a gene

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11
Q

Homozygous

A

when the two alleles are the same for an individual’s gene

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

when two alleles are different for an individual’s gene

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13
Q

Dominant allele

A

determines the trait that a heterozygous individual expresses

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14
Q

Recessive allele

A

not expressed in a heterozygous individual

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15
Q

Law of segregation

A

two alleles for a trait/gene segregate during meiosis

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16
Q

Heritable

A

the ability to be inherited

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17
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup/combination of alleles for an individual

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

an individual’s expressed traits (physical appearance)

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19
Q

Probability

A

the likelihood that a particular event will occur

20
Q

Punnett square

A

diagram that shows the expected proportions of all possible outcomes of a genetic cross

21
Q

Phenotypic ratio

A

ratio of the phenotypes

22
Q

Test-cross

A

breeds an individual of unknown genotype but dominant phenotype with a homozygous recessive individual

23
Q

Dihybrid

A

type of hybrid offspring with parents differing in two traits

24
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

hybrids with parents differing in two traits are crossed

25
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

genes that segregate independently during meiosis do not influence each other’s inheritance

26
Q

Fruit fly scientific name

A

drosophila melanogaster

27
Q

What is the highly sought out snake with exotic traits called?

A

leucistic ball python

28
Q

Gregor Mendel (1822-1884)

A
  • autrian monk
  • did series of experiments in 1850s
  • 7 years he bred pea plants
29
Q

What did Mendel hypothesize?

A

that parents pass down separate factors that are responsible for hereditary traits, and that they retain identity generation after generation

30
Q

What are parental plants in a genetic cross known as?

A

P

31
Q

What is the first generation of offspring called?

A

First filial generation

32
Q

How does cross-fertilization work?

A
  • remove pollen carrying structures from one plant
  • brush pollen from second flower to first
33
Q

What did Mendel observe in hybrids?

A

there must be 2 factors of stem length

34
Q

Mendel used monohybrid cross to study 7 categories of plants that include:

A
  • seed colour
  • seed shape
  • seed coat colour
  • pod shape
  • pod colour
  • stem length
  • flower position
35
Q

What did Mendel observe after studying inheritance patterns?

A

that one of the two parent traits were gone in F1, came back but only 1/4 in F2

36
Q

Mendel’s Model of Inheritance 1

A

genes exist in different forms

37
Q

Mendel’s Model of Inheritance 2

A

for each gene, an individual organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent

38
Q

Mendel’s Model of Inheritance 3

A

an allele may be expressed as a trait/hidden in a heterozygous individual

39
Q

Mendel’s Model of Inheritance 4

A

each gamete carries one allele for each hereditary trait due to the separation of allele pairs when gametes form. they are then reformed during fertilization

40
Q

Describe Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A
  • alleles are within a chromosome
  • chromosomes become sister chromatids
  • they branch off and alleles separate
  • chromosomes get fertilized and alleles get paired up (makes offspring)
41
Q

The probability of a particular outcome is equal to

A

the product of the individual properties

42
Q

Who was the Punnett square made by?

A

Reginald C. Punnett (1875-1967)

43
Q

When the genotype of an organism that displays a dominant phenotype not known

A
  • test cross
  • phenotype will reveal genotype
  • homozygous recessive only contributes recessive allele, which will reveal the allele from other parent
44
Q

Why did Mendel follow the inheritance of 2 categories of traits

A

wanted to know of inheritance of seed colour affects seed shape

45
Q

Mendel’s experiment used 556 seeds

A
  • 315 round/yellow
  • 32 wrinkled/green
  • 108 round/green
  • 101 wrinkled/yellow
46
Q

In 1931, who made the discovery of taste after spilling PTC in a lab?

A

Chemist named Arthur Fox

47
Q

Why did Thomas Hunt Morgan use fruit flies to model genetics?

A

they produce a large number of offspring quickly

Biology Chapter 5 (4 decks)

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