Chapter 50: Circulatory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood, and vessels

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2
Q

hearts

A

muscular chambers that move extracellular fluids around the body

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3
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid in the circulatory system and the fluid outside it

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4
Q

open circulatory system

A

heart helps move hemolymph through vessels leading to different regions of the body
inefficient

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5
Q

closed circulatory system

A

a system of vessels keeps circulating blood separate from the interstitial fluid

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6
Q

advantage of closed circulatory system vs open circulatory system

A

fluid can flow more rapidly, and therefore transport waste and nutrients faster
can control the flow of blood to tissues by the diameter of the vessels

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7
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

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8
Q

systemic circuit

A

blood pumped from the heart to the body, and then back to the heart

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9
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that carry the blood away from the heart

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10
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries that feed blood into capillary beds

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11
Q

capillaries

A

tiny, thin walled vessels where materials are changed by tissue fluid and blood

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12
Q

venules

A

small vessels that drain capillary beds

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13
Q

veins

A

deliver the blood back towards the heart

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14
Q

sinus venosus (fish)

A

blood returning from all parts of the body collect here

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15
Q

bulbus arteriousus (fish)

A

highly elastic chamber, last part of fishes heart

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16
Q

aorta

A

large dorsal artery

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17
Q

atrioventricular valve

A

one-way valve between the atria and ventricles

prevent blood flow of blood into the atria when the ventricles contract

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18
Q

pulmonary valve

A

separates the right ventricle and pulmonary circuit, preventing blood flow

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19
Q

aortic valve

A

separates the left ventricle and systemic circuit, prevents blood flow

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20
Q

cardiac cycle

A

contraction of two atria, then contraction of two ventricles, and then relaxation

21
Q

systole

A

when the ventricles contract

22
Q

diastole

A

ventricles relax

23
Q

pacemaker cells

A

can initiate action potentials without stimulation from the nervous system

24
Q

sinoatrial node

A

primary pacemaker
modified cardiac muscle cells
located at the junction of superior vena cava and right atrium

25
atrioventricular node
stimulated by the depolarization of the atria located between the atria and ventricles with slight delay, generates AP which are conducted to the ventricles via the bundle of His slight delay ensures that the atria contract before ventricles do
26
bundle of His
modified cardiac fibers that do not contract but conduct APs
27
Purkinje fibers
conducting fibers ensure cardiac potential spreads rapidly and evenly throughout the ventricular muscle mass
28
electrocardiogram
measured electrical events in the cardiac muscle during the cardiac cycle by placing electrodes on skin
29
plasma
fluid matrix of the blood
30
erythropoietin
hormone that controls the production of RBC | released by cells in the kidney
31
hypoxia
insufficient oxygen
32
spleen
recycles old RBC, they get ruptured b/c flexibility is lost
33
platelets
tiny fragment of cell without any organelles, but packed with enzymes and chemicals necessary for sealing leaks in blood vessels and initiating blood clotting
34
steps of blood clotting
1. prothrombin converted to thrombin 2. thrombin cleaves fibrinogen 3. forms insoluble threads of fibrin 4. fibrin forms the meshwork for clotting
35
Starling's forces
1. blood pressure squeezes water and small solutes out of the capillaries 2. osmotic pressure pulls water back into the capillaries
36
edema
tissue swelling
37
histamine
mediator of inflammation released by certain WBC increases capillary permeability and relaxes the smooth muscles of arterioles, raising blood pressure of the capillaries and leading to fluid into tissues
38
fenestrations
holes in the capillary walls
39
Frank-Starling law
if the cardiac muscle cells are stretched, they contract more forecefully
40
lymphatic system
returns interstitial fluid to the blood
41
lymph
interstitial fluid once it has returned to lymphatic system
42
thoracid duct
empty into large veins at the base of the neck
43
plaque
deposits formed at sites of endothelial damage
44
thrombus
intravascular blood clot | formed when blood platelets stick to the plaque
45
coronary arteries
pathway of blood supply to the heart muscle
46
myocardial infarction
heart attack
47
embolus
piece of a thrombus that breaks loose
48
stroke
embolism in an artery in the brain causes the cels fed by that artery to die