Chapter 48: Musculoskeletal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

responsible for all voluntary movements, and many involuntary actions

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

responsible for the beating of the heart

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

creates movement in many hollow internal organs

under the control of the autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

muscle fibers

A

skeletal muscle cells

large with many nuclei

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5
Q

actin

A

thin filament, used for muscle contraction

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6
Q

myosin

A

thick filament

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7
Q

myofibrils

A

bundles of thick myosin and thin actin arranged in an orderly fashion

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8
Q

sarcomeres

A

repeating units of overlapping filaments of actin and myosin.

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9
Q

titin

A

largest protein in the body

runs right through a myosin bundle(from z line to z line)

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10
Q

each sarcomere is bounded by

A

z line

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11
Q

centered in the sarcomere is the..

A

a band, which contains all the myosin filaments

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12
Q

H zone and I bands are..

A

regions where actin and myosin filaments do not overlap in the relaxed muscle

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13
Q

tropomyosin

A

twisting around the actin chains

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14
Q

troponin

A

attached to tropomyosin at intervals

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15
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all of the fibers with which it forms synapses with

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16
Q

sacroplasm

A

muscle fiber cytoplasm

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17
Q

T tubules

A

system of transverse tubules

18
Q

twitch

A

the spread of an action potential through the muscle fiber’s T tubule system causes a minimum unit of contraction

19
Q

the strength of a muscle contraction depends on…

A
  1. how many fibers are contracting

2. and at what rate

20
Q

tetanus

A

continuous activation of the contractile machinery.

21
Q

slow-twitch fibers

A

oxidative or red muscles
contain myoglobin
many mitochondria
well supplied with blood vessels

22
Q

fast-twitch fibers

A
glycolytic or white muscles
fewer mitochondria 
little to no myoglobin 
fewer blood vessels
look pale in comparison to slow-twitch fibers
23
Q

muscle ATP systems

A

immediate, glycolytic, and oxidative systems

24
Q

immediate system

A

uses performed ATP and creatine phosphate

25
glycolytic system
metabolizes carbohydrates to lactate and pyruvate
26
oxidative system
metabolizes carbohydrates or fats alllll the way to water and carbon dioxide
27
hydrostatic skeletons
consists of a volume of fluid enclosed in body cavity surrounded by muscle
28
cartilage
extracellular matrix that is tough, rubbery mixture of polysaccharides and proteins(mainly collagen) supportive tissue
29
bone
also contains collagen fibers | contains calcium phosphate crystals that give it rigidity and hardness
30
osteoblast
lay down new matrix material on bone surface
31
osteocyte
osteoblasts that get trapped by their own handiwork
32
osteoclasts
cells that reabsorb bones
33
membranous bone
forms on a scaffold of connective tissue membrane
34
cartilage bone
forms first as a cartilaginous structure resembling the future mature bone, then gradually hardens, or ossifies, to become bone
35
compact
solid and hard
36
cancellous
having numerous internal cavities that make it appear spongy, although it's rigid)
37
Haversian systems
set of thin, concentric bony cylinders, between which are the osteocytes in their lacunae (small cavities) narrow canal containing blood vessels and nerves running through the middle
38
joints
where two or more bones come together
39
flexor
the muscle that bends or flexes the joint
40
extensor
the muscle that straightens or extends the joint
41
ligaments
flexible bands of connective tissue | connect bones to bone
42
tendons
attache the muscle to bone