Chapter 19: Gene Expression in Development

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

process by which a multicellular organism, beginning with a single cell, goes through a series of changes, talking on successive forms that characterize it’s life cycle

Question 2

embryo

Answer 2

earliest stages of development in a plant or animal

Question 3

Determination

Answer 3

sets the developmental fate of a cell—what type of cell it will become—even before any characteristics of that cell type are observable

Question 4

Differentiation

Answer 4

is the process by which different types of cells arise, leading to cells with specific structures and functions

Question 5

Morphogenesis

Answer 5

organization and spatial distribution of differentiated cells into the multicellular body and its organs

Question 6

Growth

Answer 6

increase in size of the body and its organs by cell division and cell enlargement

Question 7

Cell fate

Answer 7

During development, each undifferentiated cell will become part of a particular type of tissue

Question 8

totipotent

Answer 8

cells have the potential to differentiate into any cell type, including more embryonic cells

Question 9

pluripotent

Answer 9

have the potential to develop into most other cell types, but cannot form new embryos

Question 10

multipotent

Answer 10

differentiate into several different, related cell types.

Question 11

unipotent

Answer 11

they can produce only one cell type, they own

Question 12

cytoplasmic segregation (unequal cytokinesis)

Answer 12

factor within the cell may be unequally distributed in the cytoplasm. After cell division, the factor ends up in some daughter cells or region of cells but not others.

Question 13

Induction (cell-to-cell communication)

Answer 13

factor is actively produced and secreted by certain cells to induce other cells to become determined

Question 14

cytoplasm determinants

Answer 14

distributed unequally in eggs cytoplasm. plays role in directing the embryonic development of many organisms

Question 15

inducer

Answer 15

signaling factor

Question 16

pattern formation

Answer 16

process that results in the spatial organization of a tissue or organism

Question 17

organ identity genes

Answer 17

encode proteins that act in combination to produce specific whorl features

Question 18

homeotic mutation

Answer 18

replacement of one organ for another

Question 19

positional information

Answer 19

“spatial” sense

Question 20

morphogen

Answer 20

which diffuses from one cell or group of cells to surrounding cells, setting up a concentration gradient

Question 21

Maternal effect genes

Answer 21

set up the major axes (anterior–posterior and dorsal–ventral) of the egg

Question 22

Segmentation genes

Answer 22

determine the boundaries and polarity of each segment.

Question 23

Hox genes

Answer 23

determine which organ will be made at a given location

Question 24

Gap genes

Answer 24

organize borad areas along the anterior-posterior axis

Question 25

Pair rule genes

Answer 25

divide the embryo into units of two segments each

Question 26

segment polarity genes

Answer 26

etermine the boundaries and anterior–posterior organization of the individual segments.

Question 27

homeobox

Answer 27

common 180 base pair sequence

Question 28

homeodomain

Answer 28

60 amino acid sequenced, encoded by the homeobox

Question 29

blastocyst

Answer 29

in both mice and humans, a slightly embryonic stage is a hollow sphere of cells

Question 30

embryonic stem cells

Answer 30

can be removed from the blastocyst and grown in lab cultures

Question 31

induced pluripotent stem cells

Answer 31

altered skin cells pluripotent and could be induced to differentiate into many tissues