Chapter 5: Vocabulary Flashcards
Absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
Amino Acids
Small building block of proteins (like links in a chain), release when proteins are digested
Amylase
Enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch.
Appendix
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum.
Bilirubine
Pigment released by the liver
Cecum
First part of the large intestine
Colon
Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments.
Common bile duct
Carries bile from the live and gallbladder to the duodenum, Also called the choledochus
Deglutition
Swallowing
Dentin
Primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
Digestion
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.
Duodenum
First part of the small intestine.
Elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body: in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces.
Emulsification
Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface are that enzymes can use the digest the fat.
Enamel
Hard outermost layer of a tooth.
Enzyme
Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances. Enzymes are given names that end in ase.
Fatty acids
Substances produces when fats are digested. Fatty acids are a category of lipids.
Feces
Solid wastes: stool.
Glucose
Simple sugar
Glycogen
Starch: glucose in stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.
Hydrochloric acid
Substance produced by the stomach: necessary for digestion of food.
Ileum
Third part of the mall intestine: from the Greek word silos, meaning twisted.
Insulin
Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood int cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
Jejunum
Second part of the small intestine. The Latin jejunum means empty: this part of the intestine was always empty when a body was examined after death.
Lipase
Panceratic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
Lower esophageal
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called cardiac sphincter.
Papilae
Small elevations of the tongue. A papilla is a nipple-like elevation.
Parotid gland
Salivary glad within the cheek, just anterior to the ear.
Peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs.
Pharynx
Throat, the common passageway for food frog the mouth and for air from the nose.
Portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines.
Protease
Enzyme the digests protein.
Pulp
Sift tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels.
Pyloric Sphincter
Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. From the greek pylorus, meaning gatekeeper.
Rugae
Ridges on the hard palate of the wall of the stomach.
Sigmoid colon
Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum opening.
Triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. Subgroup of lipids.
Uvula
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate. The latin ova meaning bunch of grapes.
Villi
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the blood stream.
