Chapter # 5 Ventilation Flashcards
Normal respiratory ranges?
10 - 20 Breaths/minute
What can increased respiratory rate?
- Hypoxia (Abnormal low Level of Oxugen in the Blood)
- Hypercapnia (Higher level of carbon Dioxide in the arterial blood usually greater than 45 mmHG)
- Metabolic acidosis (excessive acid production)
- Decreased lung compliance
- Exercice
Normal Respiratory Rates is increased in:
- Central Nervious System Depression
- CO2 Narcosis
CO2 Narcosis is?
A condiction resulting for high levels of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
(>70 mm Hg or higher)
Narcosis is considered when? and what happen to the body?
Is called Narcosis when Carbon Dioxide level go too high, causing confusion, tremors, convultions and coma may occurs when CO2 levels are >70 mm Hg
Normal Minute Ventilation ranges VE
5 - 10 L/min
What can increased VE?
- Hypoxia
- Hypercapnia
- Metabolic acidosis
- Anxiety
- Exercice
- Final Exam
What is Dead Space?
Is the Lung volume that is ventilated but not perfused by pulmonary Capilary blood flow
What is expressed using this formula
VD/VT = (PaCO2 - PECO2) X 100
<span>P</span>a<span>CO</span>2
Is the portion of ventilation wasted on the conducting airways and poorly perfussed as a ratio
(Dead Space)
This is
VT
Tidal Volume
- (Is Volume of gas inspired or expired during each respiratory cycle)*
- VT= VE/f*
This is
f
Respiratory Rate
(Number of breaths per unit of time)
This is
VE
Minute Ventilation
(Total volume of gas expired per minute).
V**E = f x V**T
VA
Alveolar Ventilation
VA= f (VT** - VD)
VD
Dead Space Ventilation
VD= (VD/VT) (VT)**
VT will be decreased with:
- Severe restrictive diseases
- Neuromuscular Disorders
TRUE or FALSE
Decreased VT is usually accompained by an increased in respiratory rate in order to mantain alveolar ventilation (VA)
TRUE
There are two types of Dead Space:
- Alveolar (VDA) (Non-perfused alveoli)
- Anatomic (VDan)(Conducting Airway)
- Non-perfussed alveoli is belong to which type of Dead Space?
Alveolar Dead Space
Conducting airway is belong to which type of Dead Space?
Anatomic Dead Space
TRUE or FALSE
VD = 1 ml/lb of ideal body weight
TRUE
VE is measured with?
Minute Ventilation is measured with Volume Displacement or flow-sensing Spirometer
VE = f x VT
What is Alveolar Ventilation?
Is the volume of gas exchange in the lungs per minute
VA= VE** - VD
TRUE or FALSE
Decreases in both VT and Respiratory rate are often associated with respiratory center depression
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
When VE is used in conjunction with arterial Blood Gases, VE indicates the adequacy of ventilation
TRUE
What is the normal Dead Space ratio (VD/VT) in adults?
20% - 40% is a normal range
(Normal adult should be in about 30%)
What can increase the normal Dead space/Alveolar Ventilation ratio?
- Pulmonary embolisim
- Acute Pulmonary Hypertention
- Decreased Cardiact Output
What is Ventilatory Response to CO2?
Is the measurement of the increase or decrease in VE caused by breathing various concentration of carbon dioxide while PaO2 is kept normal
What can decreased Dead Space/Alveolar Ventilation ratio?
Exercise (Increase cardiac output and perfusion of lung apices)
What can determine the adequacy of VA?
Alveolar Ventilation can only be determine with an arterial blood gas !
PCO2 >45 with PH <7.35
This is?
Hypoventilation
PCO2 < 35 with a PH >7.45
This is?
Hyperventilation
Decreased VAcan result from?
-
Increases in VD
- Destruction / dilition airway walls
- > FRC (air trapping/Hyperinflaction
- Bronchodilator
- Decreased in VE
Ventilatory response to Oxygen consist of :
Breath 20%-12% of Oxygen through either an open or close circuit while the following are measured: VE, PaO2, P100,PetCO2.
The test is repeated with decreasing concentractions of O2
What does it mean Ventilatory response to Oxygen?
It mean that when PaO2 goes bellow 60 torr, ventilatory response increases by breathing faster.
When this happen (PaO2 <60%) peripheral quimoreceptor jump in
What is the P100?
Is the pressure generated during the first 100 milliseconds of inspiratory effort agains an occluded airway
TRUE or FALSE
P100, It is a measurement of the neural output from the medullary centers that drive ventilation rate and volume
TRUE
A normal P100 values are?
Between 1.5 - 5.0 cm H2O
P100 values will normally increase with:
- Increase PaCO2 (>45, hypercapnia)
- Decrease PaO2 (Hypoxemia)
What kind of patient will not increase the P100 when the PaCO2 is increased?
COPD patients
Formula to get VA?
VA = f (VT - VD)
How we get VT?
VT = VE/f
How we get VD/VTratio?
VD/VT = PaCO2 - PECO2
PaCO2
Normal range is between 20% -40%
How we get VE?
VE = f x VT
