Chapter 5 Tissue Organization Flashcards
Tissues are made of what groups
Made up of: cells
groups of similar cells and extracellular material that perform a common function, such as providing protection or facilitating body movement.
What makes up the extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix:
is composed of varying amounts of protein fibers, water, and dissolved molecules (e.g., glucose, oxygen). Its consistency ranges from fluid to semisolid to solid.
What makes up the extracellular matrix
Tissues make up the Extracellular Matrix
Extracellular matrix:
contains protein fibers, salts, H2O, and other molecules
Location of the extracellular matrix
located outside of cells
What are the 4 primary types of tissues
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
Locations of epithelial tissue
In the lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs; skin surface
What tissue type forms surfaces
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue type where most glands are derived
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue that has a basement membrane
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue that has no blood vessels and has one or more layers of cells
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue type with many packed cells and little extracellular matrix
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue type with generous nerve contact and frequent replacement of cells
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
The surface of the cell that rests on the basement membrane
basal
The surface of the cell opposite the basement membrane
apical
The surfaces of the cell on the lateral sides of the basement membrane
lateral
Location and function of the basement membrane
Location and function of the basement membrane:
found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue; support and anchoring of epithelial tissue, barrier to regulate passage into and out of the cell
No blood vessels
Avascular
Characteristics of the epithelium and describe each
Cellularity-Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells
Polarity- Epithelial cells with apical, lateral, basal surfaces
Apical surface (top) exposed to external environment or internal body space may have microvilli or cilia
Lateral surface (sides) with intercellular junctions
Basal surface (bottom) epithelium attached to connective tissue
Functions of epithelial tissue and describe each
Physical protection:
Protects external and internal surfaces
Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
Selective permeability:
Relatively impermeable to some substances
Promoting passage of other molecules
Secretions:
Some specialized to secrete a variety of substances
May form exocrine or endocrine glands
Sensations:
Contain nerve endings
Supply information to nervous system
info on touch, pressure, temperature, pain
houses cells responsible for sight, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium
What are TWO characteristics used to classify epithelial tissue
Epithelia are classified as either simple or stratified
Epithelia classification indicated by two-part name
First part:
number of epithelial cell layers
Second part:
shape of cells at apical surface
This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer
Simple epithelium–
This type of epithelial tissue has TWO or more layers
Stratified epithelium
This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer of flat scaly cells
Squamous cells
This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer of square cells
Cuboidal cells
This type of epithelial tissue has TWO layers of cells that are taller than wide
Columnar cells
This type of epithelial tissue looks like it has two layers but it does not
Pseudostratified epithelium
Term for epithelial tissue lining organs or vessels
Simple epithelium
Term for epithelial tissue lining organs or vessels
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Structure on the surface of some non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells
Often contains microvilli
collectively appear as fuzzy structure, brush border
Often contains unicellular glands, termed goblet cells
Structure:
Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin
Structure on the surface of ciliated sumple columnar epithelial cells
Structure:
Single layer of ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; may contain goblet cells.
Structure in simple columnar epithelium that produced mucin
Structure:
Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin
What is used to make mucus
Goblet cells secrete mucin, which is a glycoprotein that when hydrated (mixed with water) forms mucus.
Location of non ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue
Location:
Inner lining of most of digestive tract (stomach, small intestine, and large intestine)
Location of ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue
Location:
Lining of the larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lung and the uterine tubes
What type of epithelial tissue contains keratin
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What is the prupose of Keratin
Keratin: tough and insoluble fibrous protein
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the superficial layers are composed of cells that are dead. These cells lack nuclei and all organelles, and instead are filled with the protein keratin, which is a tough, protective protein that strengthens the tissue
The epidermis (outer layer) of the skin consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Structure:
Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical cells are squamous; apical cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin
Function:
Protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location:
Epidermis of skin:
Glands with ducts
Exocrine
Glands without ducts
Endocrine
Products of exocrine glands
Exocrine glands:
Formed from invaginated (folds back onto itself) epithelium
Connected with epithelial surface by duct
epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion
Includes sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, oil glands
Products of endocrine glands
Endocrine Glands: Lack ducts Includes Pancreas and Thyroid Secrete hormone products into interstitial fluid and blood act as chemical messengers influence cell activity elsewhere
What is the MOST abundant tissue type
Connective Tissue
Where do ductless glands secretions generally go
Methods of Exocrine Gland Secretion:
Exocrine glands use different processes to release their secretory product.
(a) Merocrine glands secrete products by means of exocytosis at the apical surface of the secretory cells.
b) Apocrine gland secretion is produced by a pinching off of the apical surface of the cell.
(c) Holocrine gland secretion is produced through the destruction of the entire secretory cell. Lost cells are replaced by cell division at the base of the gland.
What is the MOST diverse type
Connective Tissue
what are the secretions of endocrine glands called?
Hormones
Connective tissue is composed to these 3 primary structures and describe each
- Cells
- Protein fibers*
- Ground substance*
Cells: Many specific types of cells adipose connective tissue with adipocytes cartilage with chondrocytes Most cells not in direct contact with each other because large amount of extracellular matrix Resident or wandering
Resident Cells:
Fibroblasts
most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper
produce fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix
Adipocytes
also called fat cells
Fixed macrophages:
derived from leukocytes (white blood cells)
dispersed throughout the matrix
phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens
Wandering cells:
Continuously move through connective tissue
Components of immune system
May help repair damaged extracellular matrix
Examples: mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages and other leukocytes
Wandering Cells:
Mast cells: produce heparin(inhibit blood clotting)
Plasms cells: produce antibodies
Free macrophages
Other leukocytes: neutrophils and lymphocytes destroy foreign materials
Protein Fibers: Strengthen and support tissue 1. Collagen fibers unbranched, “cablelike” fibers strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching appear white in fresh tissue numerous in tendons and ligaments
Protein Fibers: (continued) 2. Reticular fibers similar to collagen fibers but thinner form branching, interwoven framework tough but flexible Abundant in lymph nodes, spleen, liver
Protein Fibers: (continued) 3. Elastic fibers contain the protein elastin branching wavy fibers stretch and recoil easily yellow in color when fresh found in skin, lungs, and arteries
Ground substance:
produced by connective tissue cells
Contains different large molecules and water
Where cells and protein fibers reside
May be viscous (e.g., blood), semisolid (e.g., cartilage) or solid (e.g., bone)
Ground substance + protein fibers = extracellular matrix
Which components of connective tissue are part of the extracellular matrx
Cells
Protein fibers*
Ground substance*
*Part of the extracellular matrix
The component of connective tissue that is gel like
Ground substance
Most abundant component of connective tissue
Fibroblasts
What are the components of ground substance
Ground substance contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water. Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs, are one type of large molecule in the ground substance. A GAG is a polysaccharide that is composed completely of carbohydrate building blocks, some of which have an attached amine group.
What are the TWO groups of cells of connective tissue proper
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose connective tissue:
areolar
adipose
reticular
Dense connective tissue:
regular
irregular
elastic