Chapter 5 Tissue Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues are made of what groups

A

Made up of: cells

groups of similar cells and extracellular material that perform a common function, such as providing protection or facilitating body movement.

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2
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix

A

Extracellular matrix:
is composed of varying amounts of protein fibers, water, and dissolved molecules (e.g., glucose, oxygen). Its consistency ranges from fluid to semisolid to solid.

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3
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix

A

Tissues make up the Extracellular Matrix

Extracellular matrix:
contains protein fibers, salts, H2O, and other molecules

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4
Q

Location of the extracellular matrix

A

located outside of cells

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5
Q

What are the 4 primary types of tissues

A

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

nervous tissue

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6
Q

Locations of epithelial tissue

A

In the lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs; skin surface

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7
Q

What tissue type forms surfaces

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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8
Q

Tissue type where most glands are derived

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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9
Q

Tissue that has a basement membrane

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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10
Q

Tissue that has no blood vessels and has one or more layers of cells

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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11
Q

Tissue type with many packed cells and little extracellular matrix

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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12
Q

Tissue type with generous nerve contact and frequent replacement of cells

A

Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)

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13
Q

The surface of the cell that rests on the basement membrane

A

basal

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14
Q

The surface of the cell opposite the basement membrane

A

apical

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15
Q

The surfaces of the cell on the lateral sides of the basement membrane

A

lateral

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16
Q

Location and function of the basement membrane

A

Location and function of the basement membrane:

found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue; support and anchoring of epithelial tissue, barrier to regulate passage into and out of the cell

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17
Q

No blood vessels

A

Avascular

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18
Q

Characteristics of the epithelium and describe each

A

Cellularity-Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells

Polarity- Epithelial cells with apical, lateral, basal surfaces

Apical surface (top)
exposed to external environment or internal body space
may have microvilli or cilia
Lateral surface (sides)
with intercellular junctions
Basal surface (bottom)
epithelium attached to connective tissue
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19
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue and describe each

A

Physical protection:
Protects external and internal surfaces
Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction

Selective permeability:
Relatively impermeable to some substances
Promoting passage of other molecules

Secretions:
Some specialized to secrete a variety of substances
May form exocrine or endocrine glands

Sensations:
Contain nerve endings
Supply information to nervous system
info on touch, pressure, temperature, pain
houses cells responsible for sight, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium

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20
Q

What are TWO characteristics used to classify epithelial tissue

A

Epithelia are classified as either simple or stratified

Epithelia classification indicated by two-part name

First part:
number of epithelial cell layers

Second part:
shape of cells at apical surface

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21
Q

This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer

A

Simple epithelium–

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22
Q

This type of epithelial tissue has TWO or more layers

A

Stratified epithelium

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23
Q

This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer of flat scaly cells

A

Squamous cells

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24
Q

This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer of square cells

A

Cuboidal cells

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25
Q

This type of epithelial tissue has TWO layers of cells that are taller than wide

A

Columnar cells

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26
Q

This type of epithelial tissue looks like it has two layers but it does not

A

Pseudostratified epithelium

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27
Q

Term for epithelial tissue lining organs or vessels

A

Simple epithelium

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28
Q

Term for epithelial tissue lining organs or vessels

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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29
Q

Structure on the surface of some non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells

A

Often contains microvilli
collectively appear as fuzzy structure, brush border
Often contains unicellular glands, termed goblet cells

Structure:

Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin

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30
Q

Structure on the surface of ciliated sumple columnar epithelial cells

A

Structure:

Single layer of ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; may contain goblet cells.

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31
Q

Structure in simple columnar epithelium that produced mucin

A

Structure:

Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin

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32
Q

What is used to make mucus

A

Goblet cells secrete mucin, which is a glycoprotein that when hydrated (mixed with water) forms mucus.

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33
Q

Location of non ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue

A

Location:

Inner lining of most of digestive tract (stomach, small intestine, and large intestine)

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34
Q

Location of ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue

A

Location:

Lining of the larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lung and the uterine tubes

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35
Q

What type of epithelial tissue contains keratin

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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36
Q

What is the prupose of Keratin

A

Keratin: tough and insoluble fibrous protein

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the superficial layers are composed of cells that are dead. These cells lack nuclei and all organelles, and instead are filled with the protein keratin, which is a tough, protective protein that strengthens the tissue

The epidermis (outer layer) of the skin consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Structure:

Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical cells are squamous; apical cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin

Function:

Protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

Location:

Epidermis of skin:

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37
Q

Glands with ducts

A

Exocrine

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38
Q

Glands without ducts

A

Endocrine

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39
Q

Products of exocrine glands

A

Exocrine glands:
Formed from invaginated (folds back onto itself) epithelium
Connected with epithelial surface by duct
epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion
Includes sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, oil glands

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40
Q

Products of endocrine glands

A
Endocrine Glands:
Lack ducts
Includes Pancreas and Thyroid
Secrete hormone products into interstitial fluid and blood
act as chemical messengers
influence cell activity elsewhere
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41
Q

What is the MOST abundant tissue type

A

Connective Tissue

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42
Q

Where do ductless glands secretions generally go

A

Methods of Exocrine Gland Secretion:

 Exocrine glands use different processes to release their secretory product.

(a) Merocrine glands secrete products by means of exocytosis at the apical surface of the secretory cells.
b) Apocrine gland secretion is produced by a pinching off of the apical surface of the cell.
(c) Holocrine gland secretion is produced through the destruction of the entire secretory cell. Lost cells are replaced by cell division at the base of the gland.

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43
Q

What is the MOST diverse type

A

Connective Tissue

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44
Q

what are the secretions of endocrine glands called?

A

Hormones

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45
Q

Connective tissue is composed to these 3 primary structures and describe each

A
  1. Cells
  2. Protein fibers*
  3. Ground substance*
              Cells: Many specific types of cells adipose connective tissue with adipocytes cartilage with chondrocytes Most cells not in direct contact with each other because large amount of extracellular matrix Resident or wandering

Resident Cells:
Fibroblasts
most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper
produce fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix
Adipocytes
also called fat cells

Fixed macrophages:
derived from leukocytes (white blood cells)
dispersed throughout the matrix
phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens

Wandering cells:
Continuously move through connective tissue
Components of immune system
May help repair damaged extracellular matrix
Examples: mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages and other leukocytes

Wandering Cells:

Mast cells: produce heparin(inhibit blood clotting)
Plasms cells: produce antibodies
Free macrophages
Other leukocytes: neutrophils and lymphocytes destroy foreign materials

Protein Fibers:
Strengthen and support tissue
1. Collagen fibers
unbranched, “cablelike” fibers
strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching
appear white in fresh tissue
numerous in tendons and ligaments
Protein Fibers: (continued)
2. Reticular fibers
similar to collagen fibers but thinner
form branching, interwoven framework
tough but flexible
Abundant in lymph nodes, spleen, liver
Protein Fibers: (continued)
3. Elastic fibers
contain the protein elastin
branching wavy fibers
stretch and recoil easily
yellow in color when fresh
found in skin, lungs, and arteries

Ground substance:
produced by connective tissue cells
Contains different large molecules and water
Where cells and protein fibers reside
May be viscous (e.g., blood), semisolid (e.g., cartilage) or solid (e.g., bone)
Ground substance + protein fibers = extracellular matrix

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46
Q

Which components of connective tissue are part of the extracellular matrx

A

Cells

Protein fibers*

Ground substance*

*Part of the extracellular matrix

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47
Q

The component of connective tissue that is gel like

A

Ground substance

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48
Q

Most abundant component of connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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49
Q

What are the components of ground substance

A

Ground substance contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water. Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs, are one type of large molecule in the ground substance. A GAG is a polysaccharide that is composed completely of carbohydrate building blocks, some of which have an attached amine group.

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50
Q

What are the TWO groups of cells of connective tissue proper

A

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose connective tissue:

areolar
adipose
reticular

Dense connective tissue:

regular
irregular
elastic

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51
Q

What distinguishes the 2 groups of cells in connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue: contains relatively fewer cells and protein fibers than dense connective tissue.
Loose connective tissue= Abundant ground substance

Dense connective tissue:is composed primarily of protein fibers and has proportionately “less ground substance “than loose connective tissue. It also is known as collagenous tissue because collagen fibers usually are the dominant fiber type.

52
Q

The resident cells

A

Fibroblasts: are relatively flat cells with tapered ends and are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper. They produce the fibers and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix.

Adipocytes: also called fat cells, appear in small clusters within some types of connective tissue proper. If large clusters of these cells dominate an area, the connective tissue is called adipose connective tissue.

Mesenchymal cells: are a type of embryonic stem cell within connective tissue. If the tissue becomes damaged, these cells will divide. One cell that is produced replaces the mesenchymal stem cell, while the other cell becomes a committed cell that moves into the damaged area and differentiates into the type of connective tissue cell that is needed.

Fixed macrophages :are relatively large, irregular-shaped cells that are derived from a type of white blood cell called a monocyte. They are dispersed throughout the matrix, where they phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens. When they encounter foreign materials, the cells also release chemicals that stimulate the immune system and attract numerous wandering cells to the tissue.

53
Q

The wandering cells

A

Mast cells
plasma cells
free macrophages
Other leukocytes also migrate through the blood vessel walls into the connective tissue. These include neutrophils, a type of leukocyte that phagocytizes bacteria, and T-lymphocytes, a type of leukocyte that attacks that materials.

54
Q

The fat cells

A

Adipocytes

55
Q

Most abundant connective tissue proper cells

A

Fibroblasts

56
Q

Cells derived from white blood cells

A

Fixed macrophages are relatively large, irregular-shaped cells that are derived from a type of white blood cell called a monocyte

57
Q

White blood cells

A

leukocytes

58
Q

Functions of wandering cells

A

Wandering cells continuously move throughout the connective tissue proper and are components of the immune system.

They also may help repair damaged extracellular matrix. These cells are primarily types of leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, and protect the body against harmful agents. Examples of wandering cells and their specific functions include the following:

Mast cells are small, mobile cells that usually are found close to blood vessels; they secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow, which is significant in the inflammatory response.

Plasma cells are formed when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials. Plasma cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that immobilize a foreign material and prevent it from causing further damage.

Free macrophages are mobile, phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissue. They function as fixed macrophages, yet they are able to move throughout the tissue.

Other leukocytes also migrate through the blood vessel walls into the connective tissue. These include neutrophils, a type of leukocyte that phagocytizes bacteria, and T-lymphocytes, a type of leukocyte that attacks that materials.

59
Q

Protein fibers in connective tissue and describe each one

A

The protein fibers in connective tissue usually strengthen and support the tissue.

Three basic types of protein fibers may be found in connective tissue: collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers.

Collagen fibers are unbranched, “cablelike,” long protein fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching. These fibers are stronger than steel of the same diameter. Collagen comprises about 25% of the body’s protein, and the fibers appear white in fresh tissue, so they often are called white fibers. In tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, they appear pink. Collagen fibers are numerous in structures such as tendons and ligaments.

Reticular fibers are similar to collagen fibers but much thinner. They contain the same protein subunits found in collagen, but their subunits are combined in a different way. These fibers form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible. Reticular fibers are especially abundant in the stroma (connective tissue framework) of organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

Finally, elastic fibers contain the protein elastin. The fibers branch and rejoin, and appear wavy. Elastic fibers stretch and recoil easily. Fresh elastic fibers have a yellowish color and often are called yellow fibers. These fibers are visible only in tissue sections that have been stained with special stains, which make the elastic fibers appear black. Elastic fibers are abundant in the skin, arteries, and lungs, to allow them to return to their normal shape after being stretched.

60
Q

Protein fiber in tendons

A

Collagen fibers

61
Q

Strongest protein fiber

A

Collagen fibers

62
Q

Protein fiber that appears white

A

Collagen fibers also called white fibers

63
Q

Protein fiber with lots of stretch but can also recoil

A

Elastic Fibers

64
Q

Location of collagen fibers

A

Collagen fibers are numerous in structures such as tendons and ligaments.

65
Q

Location of reticular fibers

A

Reticular fibers are especially abundant in the stroma (connective tissue framework) of organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.

66
Q

Location of elastic fibers

A

Elastic fibers are abundant in the skin, arteries, and lungs, to allow them to return to their normal shape after being stretched.

67
Q

What makes the ground substance

A

Ground substance is a noncellular material produced by the connective tissue cells, and it is within this substance that the connective tissue cells and protein fibers reside. The ground substance may be viscous (as in blood), semisolid (as in cartilage), or solid (as in bone). Together, the ground substance and the protein fibers it houses form the extracellular matrix. The viscous nature of the extracellular matrix restricts the movement and spread of disease-causing organisms.

Ground substance contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water. Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs, are one type of large molecule in the ground substance. A GAG is a polysaccharide (see section 2.7c) that is composed completely of carbohydrate building blocks, some of which have an attached amine group. GAGs are negatively charged and hydrophilic. The negative charges attract cations, such as sodium (Na+), and as a result water follows the movement of the positive ion. Thus, GAGs are able to attract and absorb water. Different GAGs attract varying amounts of water, depending on their number of negative charges, so the fluidity of the ground substance varies as a result. Different types of GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.

When a GAG is linked to a protein, it forms an even larger molecule within the ground substance called a proteoglycan. Proteoglycans have over 90% of their structure composed of carbohydrates, in the form of GAGs. The large structure of a proteoglycan is due primarily to the large number of negative charges in its GAGs, which then repel each other and cause the molecule to spread out and occupy more space. As we will see in this and future chapters, GAGs and proteoglycans perform numerous important functions in the body.

The ground substance includes other molecules, like adherent glycoproteins (proteins with carbohydrates attached; see section, which act as glue to bond connective tissue cells and fibers to the ground substance.

68
Q

Components of ground substance

A

Ground substance contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water. Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs, are one type of large molecule in the ground substance. A GAG is a polysaccharide (see section 2.7c) that is composed completely of carbohydrate building blocks, some of which have an attached amine group. GAGs are negatively charged and hydrophilic. The negative charges attract cations, such as sodium (Na+), and as a result water follows the movement of the positive ion. Thus, GAGs are able to attract and absorb water. Different GAGs attract varying amounts of water, depending on their number of negative charges, so the fluidity of the ground substance varies as a result. Different types of GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.

Contains different large molecules and water

69
Q

Location of ground substance

A

Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin. Ground substance is active in the development, movement, and proliferation of tissues, as well as their metabolism.

70
Q

Describe different consistencies of ground substance

A

May be viscous (e.g., blood), semisolid (e.g., cartilage) or solid (e.g., bone)

71
Q

Functions of connective tissues

A
These functions include:
 Physical protection
 Support and structural framework
Binding of structures,
Storage 
Transport 
Immune protection
72
Q

Types of connective tissue and examples of each connective tissue in each type

A

connective tissue proper

supporting connective tissue

fluid connective tissue

73
Q

Types of connective tissue proper and describe each

A

Connective Tissue Proper:

loose connective tissue
areolar
adipose
reticular

dense connective tissue:
regular
irregular
elastic

Loose connective tissue
Abundant ground substance

Three types:
areolar
adipose
reticular

Areolar connective tissue:
In and under skin, surrounds organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels

Adipose connective tissue:
Commonly known as fat
Composed primarily of adipocytes (fat cells)
Stores energy
Acts as an insulator
Serves as packing and cushion around structures
Located in subcutaneous layer and around organs

Reticular connective tissue:
Forms the structural framework of many lymphatic organs
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Dense connective tissue:
Less ground substance

Three types:
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
elastic connective tissue

Dense regular connective tissue:
tightly packed parallel fibers
In tendons and ligaments

Dense irregular connective tissue:
Clumps of fibers in all directions
Found in:
Skin, bone, bone, capsules around organs

Elastic connective tissue:
Branched densely packed elastic fibers
Found in:
walls of large arteries
trachea
vocal cords
suspensory ligament of the penis
74
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue

A

Supporting Connective Tissue

Cartilage:
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

Bone:
Spongy
Compact

Cartilage:
Has a firm, semisolid extracellular matrix
Contains collagen and elastic protein fibers
Mature cells termed chondrocytes
occupy small spaces termed lacunae

Cartilage: (continued)
Stronger and more resilient than previously discussed types

Provides more flexibility than bone

Occurs in areas of body that need support and must withstand deformation

Three types:
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

Hyaline cartilage:
Most common type of cartilage
Weakest type
Found in:
nose, trachea, and larynx
costal cartilage, articular ends of long bones
most of fetal skeleton
Fibrocartilage:
Weight-bearing cartilage which resists compression
Found in:
intervertebral discs- between vertebrae
pubic symphysis –between pelvic bones
menisci of knee joint

Elastic cartilage:
Flexible, springy cartilage
Found in:
external ear and the epiglottis

75
Q

Blank

A

Blank

76
Q

Types of loose connective tissue and characteristics and location of each

A

(Loose Connective Tissue)
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:

Structure:
Abundant, viscous ground substance; few collagen and elastic fibers; scattered fibroblasts; many blood vessels

Function
Protects tissues and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue

Location:
Papillary layer of the dermis (skin); subcutaneous layer (deep to skin); surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and blood vessels

ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE:

Structure:
Closely packed adipocytes; nucleus pushed to edge of cell by large fat droplet; contains many blood vessels

Function:
Stores energy; insulates, cushions, and protects

Location:
Subcutaneous layer; surrounds and covers some organs

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:

Structure:
Viscous ground substance; meshwork of reticular fibers, leukocytes, and some fibroblasts

Function:
Provides stroma (supportive framework) to lymphatic organs

Location:
Spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

77
Q

Types of dense connective tissue and characteristics and location of each

A

(Dense Connective Tissue)

DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers; fibroblasts squeezed between layers of fibers; scarce ground substance; limited blood supply

Function:
Attaches bone to bone (most ligaments) as well as muscle to bone (tendon); resists stress applied in one direction

Location:
Tendons (attach muscle to bone); ligaments (typically attach bone to bone)

DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblasts in spaces among fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood supply

Function:
Withstands stresses applied in all directions; durable

Location:
Most of dermis of skin; periosteum covering bone; perichondrium covering cartilage, epineurium covering nerves, epimysium covering skeletal muscle, some organ capsules

ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE:

Structure:
Predominantly composed of elastic fibers; fibroblasts occupy some spaces between fibers

Function:
Allows for stretching and recoil

Location:
Walls of elastic arteries (such as the aorta), trachea, vocal cords

78
Q

Types of supporting connective tissue

A

There are two types of supporting connective tissue: cartilage and bone.

79
Q

Examples of fluid connective tissue

A

There are two types of fluid connective tissue: blood and lymph. Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements. Formed elements include cells, both erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells), and cellular fragments called platelets. The liquid ground substance is called plasma, and within it are proteins and solutes.

80
Q

Blank

A

Blank

81
Q

Location of reticular connective tissue

A

Location:

Spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

82
Q

Location of adipose connective tissue

A

Location:

Subcutaneous layer; surrounds and covers some organs

83
Q

Location of areolar connective tissue

A

Location:

Papillary layer of the dermis (skin); subcutaneous layer (deep to skin); surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and blood vessels

84
Q

Function of adipose connective tissue

A

Function:

Stores energy; insulates, cushions, and protects

85
Q

Location of adipocytes

A

Adipocytes are filled with lipid droplets, causing the nucleus to be pushed to the inside edge of the plasma membrane. On a histology slide, the lipid is extracted during tissue processing so all that is left is the plasma membrane and nucleus of the adipocyte.

Located in subcutaneous layer and around organs

86
Q

What distinguishes dense regular from dense irregular

A

Dense Regular:

Densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers; fibroblasts squeezed between layers of fibers; LESS ground substance; “limited blood supply”

Dense Irregular:
Collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblasts in spaces among fibers; MORE ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; “extensive blood supply”

87
Q

Location of dense regular

A

Location:

Tendons (attach muscle to bone); ligaments (typically attach bone to bone)

88
Q

Location of dense irregular

A

Location:

Most of dermis of skin; periosteum covering bone; perichondrium covering cartilage, epineurium covering nerves, epimysium covering skeletal muscle, some organ capsules

89
Q

Location of elastic connective tissue

A

Location:

Walls of elastic arteries (such as the aorta), trachea, vocal cords

90
Q

Types of cartilages

A

Cartilage:

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

91
Q

Types of bone

A

Bone:

Spongy
Compact

92
Q

Cartilage cells

A

Mature cartilage cells are called chondrocytes

93
Q

Function of cartilage

A

HYALINE CARTILAGE:
Structure:
Glassy-appearing matrix; irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae

Function:
Provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton

Location:
Tip of nose; trachea; most of larynx, costal cartilage; both the epiphyseal (growth) plates and articular ends of long bones; most of fetal skeleton

FIBROCARTILAGE:
Structure:
Readily visible, numerous, parallel collagen fibers with limited ground substance; large chondrocytes in lacunae

Function:
Resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints

Location:
Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee joints

ELASTIC CARTILAGE:
Structure:
Abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae

Function:
Maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility

Location:
External ear; epiglottis of larynx

94
Q

Spaces where cartilage cells reside

A

lacunae

95
Q

Function of cartilage

A

It is present in areas of the body that need support and must withstand deformation, such as the tip of the nose or the auricle (external part) of the ear.

96
Q

Spaces where cartilage cells reside

A

lacunae within the extracellular matrix.

97
Q

Bone cells

A

Bone cells called osteocytes

98
Q

Spaces that houses bone cells

A

housed within spaces in the extracellular matrix, lacunae

99
Q

What distinguishes the two types of bone

A

Compact bone:
Dense bone tissue

Spongy bone:
Spaces between bone tissue

100
Q

What are 2 fluid connective tissues

A

“Blood And Plasma” Are the 2 types

Blood:

Plasma: a watery ground substance containing protein fibers
Erythrocytes: red blood cells
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Thrombocytes (Platelets): fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

Lymph:
Derived from blood plasma
Ultimately returned to bloodstream

101
Q

What are 2 fluid connective tissues

A

“Blood And Plasma” Are the 2 types

Blood:

Plasma: a watery ground substance containing protein fibers
Erythrocytes: red blood cells
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Thrombocytes (Platelets): fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting

Lymph:
Derived from blood plasma
Ultimately returned to bloodstream

102
Q

What distinguishes the two types of bone

A

Compact bone:
Dense bone tissue

Spongy bone:
Spaces between bone tissue

Compact bone appears completely solid but is, in fact, perforated by a number of neurovascular canals. It has a uniform histologic pattern. Compact bone is formed from cylindrical structures called osteons, which display concentric rings of bone connective tissue called lamellae. The lamellae encircle a central canal that houses blood vessels and nerves.

Spongy bone is located within the interior of a bone, and it contains a latticework structure of bone connective tissue that is very strong yet lightweight.
Finally, some spongy bone houses hemopoietic (hemat = blood) cells, which form a type of reticular connective tissue that makes blood cells (a process called hemopoiesis

103
Q

Extracellular matrix of blood

A

Plasma

104
Q

Ground substance of blood

A

Plasma

105
Q

What is the relationship between blood and lymph

A

Blood:
Structure:
Contains formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets); dissolved protein within a liquid ground substance called plasma

Function

Erythrocytes transport respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide); leukocytes help protect the body from infectious agents; and platelets help with blood clotting. Dissolved protein fibers coalesce and assist with blood clotting. Plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body.

Location:
Primarily within blood vessels and in the heart

The relationship between blood and lymph:
Lymph:
Derived from blood plasma
Ultimately returned to bloodstream

Blood:
Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements. Formed elements include cells, both erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells), and cellular fragments called platelets

Plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body.

The difference between lymph and blood:
blood is the liquid in your body that transfers every cell and oxygen.

And lymph (Lymph Notes) they are the vessels that fight infections and carry white cells.

106
Q

Red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

107
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

108
Q

Blood cells involved in clotting

A

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

109
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

Three types:

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth muscle

110
Q

Function of muscle tissues

A

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE:

Structure and characteristics:
Long, cylindrical fibers (cells) arranged parallel and unbranched; fibers are multinucleated with visible striations; fiber is under voluntary control

Function:
Primarily responsible for moving skeleton and for thermoregulation (increases body temperature when muscles contract)

Location:
Attaches to bones or sometimes to skin (e.g., facial muscles); forms external urethral and anal sphincters

CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE:

Structure and characteristics:
Medium-sized, typically branching cells; contain one or two centrally located nuclei with visible striations; intercalated discs between cells; under involuntary control

Function:
Pumps blood through heart and blood vessels

Location:
Heart wall (myocardium)

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE:
Structure and characteristics:
Cells are short and fusiform in shape; contain one centrally located nucleus; cells do not have visible striations; under involuntary control

Function:
Moves and propels materials through internal organs; controls the size of the lumen

Location:
Walls of hollow internal organs, such as intestines, stomach, airways, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels; iris of the eye

111
Q

Muscle cells

A

myocyte

112
Q

Location of skeletal muscle

A

Location:

Attaches to bones or sometimes to skin (e.g., facial muscles); forms external urethral and anal sphincters

113
Q

Function of skeletal muscle

A

Function:

Primarily responsible for moving skeleton and for thermoregulation (increases body temperature when muscles contract)

114
Q

Type of muscle tissue that are voluntary

A

skeletal

115
Q

Type of muscle tissue that are involuntary

A

Cardiac, smooth

116
Q

Type of muscle tissue that have striations

A

skeletal, cardiac

117
Q

Type of muscle tissue that have cylindrical cells

A

skeletal

118
Q

Type of muscle tissue that have fusiform cells

A

smooth

119
Q

Type of muscle tissue that have branched cells

A

cardiac

120
Q

Gap junctions of the heart muscle cells

A

The cells are connected by intercalated, intercalates = inserted between) discs, which are intercellular junctions between the cells composed of desmosomes and gap junctions

121
Q

Location of cardiac muscle

A

Location:

Heart wall (myocardium)

122
Q

Function of cardiac muscle

A

Function:

Pumps blood through heart and blood vessels

123
Q

Location of smooth muscle

A

Location:

Walls of hollow internal organs, such as intestines, stomach, airways, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels; iris of the eye

124
Q

Function of smooth muscle

A

Function:

Moves and propels materials through internal organs; controls the size of the lumen

125
Q

Nerve Cells

A

Consists of cells called neurons

126
Q

The cells that support nerve cells

A

glial cells (or supporting cells)

127
Q

Function of nerve tissue

A

Structure:
Contains neurons, which have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon that extend from the cell body; also contains glial cells, which lack the processes seen in neurons

Function:
Neurons receive, process, and transmit nerve impulses, whereas glial cells help protect, nourish, and support neurons

Location:
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves