Chapter 5 Tissue Organization Flashcards
Tissues are made of what groups
Made up of: cells
groups of similar cells and extracellular material that perform a common function, such as providing protection or facilitating body movement.
What makes up the extracellular matrix
Extracellular matrix:
is composed of varying amounts of protein fibers, water, and dissolved molecules (e.g., glucose, oxygen). Its consistency ranges from fluid to semisolid to solid.
What makes up the extracellular matrix
Tissues make up the Extracellular Matrix
Extracellular matrix:
contains protein fibers, salts, H2O, and other molecules
Location of the extracellular matrix
located outside of cells
What are the 4 primary types of tissues
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
Locations of epithelial tissue
In the lining of digestive tract organs and other hollow organs; skin surface
What tissue type forms surfaces
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue type where most glands are derived
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue that has a basement membrane
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue that has no blood vessels and has one or more layers of cells
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue type with many packed cells and little extracellular matrix
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
Tissue type with generous nerve contact and frequent replacement of cells
Epithelial tissue (Epithelium)
The surface of the cell that rests on the basement membrane
basal
The surface of the cell opposite the basement membrane
apical
The surfaces of the cell on the lateral sides of the basement membrane
lateral
Location and function of the basement membrane
Location and function of the basement membrane:
found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue; support and anchoring of epithelial tissue, barrier to regulate passage into and out of the cell
No blood vessels
Avascular
Characteristics of the epithelium and describe each
Cellularity-Composed almost entirely of tightly packed cells
Polarity- Epithelial cells with apical, lateral, basal surfaces
Apical surface (top) exposed to external environment or internal body space may have microvilli or cilia
Lateral surface (sides) with intercellular junctions
Basal surface (bottom) epithelium attached to connective tissue
Functions of epithelial tissue and describe each
Physical protection:
Protects external and internal surfaces
Protects from dehydration, abrasion, destruction
Selective permeability:
Relatively impermeable to some substances
Promoting passage of other molecules
Secretions:
Some specialized to secrete a variety of substances
May form exocrine or endocrine glands
Sensations:
Contain nerve endings
Supply information to nervous system
info on touch, pressure, temperature, pain
houses cells responsible for sight, taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium
What are TWO characteristics used to classify epithelial tissue
Epithelia are classified as either simple or stratified
Epithelia classification indicated by two-part name
First part:
number of epithelial cell layers
Second part:
shape of cells at apical surface
This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer
Simple epithelium–
This type of epithelial tissue has TWO or more layers
Stratified epithelium
This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer of flat scaly cells
Squamous cells
This type of epithelial tissue has ONE layer of square cells
Cuboidal cells
This type of epithelial tissue has TWO layers of cells that are taller than wide
Columnar cells
This type of epithelial tissue looks like it has two layers but it does not
Pseudostratified epithelium
Term for epithelial tissue lining organs or vessels
Simple epithelium
Term for epithelial tissue lining organs or vessels
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Structure on the surface of some non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial cells
Often contains microvilli
collectively appear as fuzzy structure, brush border
Often contains unicellular glands, termed goblet cells
Structure:
Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin
Structure on the surface of ciliated sumple columnar epithelial cells
Structure:
Single layer of ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; may contain goblet cells.
Structure in simple columnar epithelium that produced mucin
Structure:
Single layer of cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical regions of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin
What is used to make mucus
Goblet cells secrete mucin, which is a glycoprotein that when hydrated (mixed with water) forms mucus.
Location of non ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue
Location:
Inner lining of most of digestive tract (stomach, small intestine, and large intestine)
Location of ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissue
Location:
Lining of the larger bronchioles (air passageways) of the lung and the uterine tubes
What type of epithelial tissue contains keratin
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
What is the prupose of Keratin
Keratin: tough and insoluble fibrous protein
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the superficial layers are composed of cells that are dead. These cells lack nuclei and all organelles, and instead are filled with the protein keratin, which is a tough, protective protein that strengthens the tissue
The epidermis (outer layer) of the skin consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Structure:
Multiple cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical cells are squamous; apical cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin
Function:
Protection of underlying tissue from abrasion
Location:
Epidermis of skin:
Glands with ducts
Exocrine
Glands without ducts
Endocrine
Products of exocrine glands
Exocrine glands:
Formed from invaginated (folds back onto itself) epithelium
Connected with epithelial surface by duct
epithelium-lined tube for gland secretion
Includes sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, oil glands
Products of endocrine glands
Endocrine Glands: Lack ducts Includes Pancreas and Thyroid Secrete hormone products into interstitial fluid and blood act as chemical messengers influence cell activity elsewhere
What is the MOST abundant tissue type
Connective Tissue
Where do ductless glands secretions generally go
Methods of Exocrine Gland Secretion:
Exocrine glands use different processes to release their secretory product.
(a) Merocrine glands secrete products by means of exocytosis at the apical surface of the secretory cells.
b) Apocrine gland secretion is produced by a pinching off of the apical surface of the cell.
(c) Holocrine gland secretion is produced through the destruction of the entire secretory cell. Lost cells are replaced by cell division at the base of the gland.
What is the MOST diverse type
Connective Tissue
what are the secretions of endocrine glands called?
Hormones
Connective tissue is composed to these 3 primary structures and describe each
- Cells
- Protein fibers*
- Ground substance*
Cells: Many specific types of cells adipose connective tissue with adipocytes cartilage with chondrocytes Most cells not in direct contact with each other because large amount of extracellular matrix Resident or wandering
Resident Cells:
Fibroblasts
most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper
produce fibers and ground substance of extracellular matrix
Adipocytes
also called fat cells
Fixed macrophages:
derived from leukocytes (white blood cells)
dispersed throughout the matrix
phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens
Wandering cells:
Continuously move through connective tissue
Components of immune system
May help repair damaged extracellular matrix
Examples: mast cells, plasma cells, free macrophages and other leukocytes
Wandering Cells:
Mast cells: produce heparin(inhibit blood clotting)
Plasms cells: produce antibodies
Free macrophages
Other leukocytes: neutrophils and lymphocytes destroy foreign materials
Protein Fibers: Strengthen and support tissue 1. Collagen fibers unbranched, “cablelike” fibers strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching appear white in fresh tissue numerous in tendons and ligaments
Protein Fibers: (continued) 2. Reticular fibers similar to collagen fibers but thinner form branching, interwoven framework tough but flexible Abundant in lymph nodes, spleen, liver
Protein Fibers: (continued) 3. Elastic fibers contain the protein elastin branching wavy fibers stretch and recoil easily yellow in color when fresh found in skin, lungs, and arteries
Ground substance:
produced by connective tissue cells
Contains different large molecules and water
Where cells and protein fibers reside
May be viscous (e.g., blood), semisolid (e.g., cartilage) or solid (e.g., bone)
Ground substance + protein fibers = extracellular matrix
Which components of connective tissue are part of the extracellular matrx
Cells
Protein fibers*
Ground substance*
*Part of the extracellular matrix
The component of connective tissue that is gel like
Ground substance
Most abundant component of connective tissue
Fibroblasts
What are the components of ground substance
Ground substance contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water. Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs, are one type of large molecule in the ground substance. A GAG is a polysaccharide that is composed completely of carbohydrate building blocks, some of which have an attached amine group.
What are the TWO groups of cells of connective tissue proper
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose connective tissue:
areolar
adipose
reticular
Dense connective tissue:
regular
irregular
elastic
What distinguishes the 2 groups of cells in connective tissue
Loose connective tissue: contains relatively fewer cells and protein fibers than dense connective tissue.
Loose connective tissue= Abundant ground substance
Dense connective tissue:is composed primarily of protein fibers and has proportionately “less ground substance “than loose connective tissue. It also is known as collagenous tissue because collagen fibers usually are the dominant fiber type.
The resident cells
Fibroblasts: are relatively flat cells with tapered ends and are the most abundant resident cells in connective tissue proper. They produce the fibers and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix.
Adipocytes: also called fat cells, appear in small clusters within some types of connective tissue proper. If large clusters of these cells dominate an area, the connective tissue is called adipose connective tissue.
Mesenchymal cells: are a type of embryonic stem cell within connective tissue. If the tissue becomes damaged, these cells will divide. One cell that is produced replaces the mesenchymal stem cell, while the other cell becomes a committed cell that moves into the damaged area and differentiates into the type of connective tissue cell that is needed.
Fixed macrophages :are relatively large, irregular-shaped cells that are derived from a type of white blood cell called a monocyte. They are dispersed throughout the matrix, where they phagocytize (engulf) damaged cells or pathogens. When they encounter foreign materials, the cells also release chemicals that stimulate the immune system and attract numerous wandering cells to the tissue.
The wandering cells
Mast cells
plasma cells
free macrophages
Other leukocytes also migrate through the blood vessel walls into the connective tissue. These include neutrophils, a type of leukocyte that phagocytizes bacteria, and T-lymphocytes, a type of leukocyte that attacks that materials.
The fat cells
Adipocytes
Most abundant connective tissue proper cells
Fibroblasts
Cells derived from white blood cells
Fixed macrophages are relatively large, irregular-shaped cells that are derived from a type of white blood cell called a monocyte
White blood cells
leukocytes
Functions of wandering cells
Wandering cells continuously move throughout the connective tissue proper and are components of the immune system.
They also may help repair damaged extracellular matrix. These cells are primarily types of leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, and protect the body against harmful agents. Examples of wandering cells and their specific functions include the following:
Mast cells are small, mobile cells that usually are found close to blood vessels; they secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow, which is significant in the inflammatory response.
Plasma cells are formed when B-lymphocytes are activated by exposure to foreign materials. Plasma cells produce antibodies, which are proteins that immobilize a foreign material and prevent it from causing further damage.
Free macrophages are mobile, phagocytic cells that wander through the connective tissue. They function as fixed macrophages, yet they are able to move throughout the tissue.
Other leukocytes also migrate through the blood vessel walls into the connective tissue. These include neutrophils, a type of leukocyte that phagocytizes bacteria, and T-lymphocytes, a type of leukocyte that attacks that materials.
Protein fibers in connective tissue and describe each one
The protein fibers in connective tissue usually strengthen and support the tissue.
Three basic types of protein fibers may be found in connective tissue: collagen fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fibers.
Collagen fibers are unbranched, “cablelike,” long protein fibers that are strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching. These fibers are stronger than steel of the same diameter. Collagen comprises about 25% of the body’s protein, and the fibers appear white in fresh tissue, so they often are called white fibers. In tissue sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin, they appear pink. Collagen fibers are numerous in structures such as tendons and ligaments.
Reticular fibers are similar to collagen fibers but much thinner. They contain the same protein subunits found in collagen, but their subunits are combined in a different way. These fibers form a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible. Reticular fibers are especially abundant in the stroma (connective tissue framework) of organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
Finally, elastic fibers contain the protein elastin. The fibers branch and rejoin, and appear wavy. Elastic fibers stretch and recoil easily. Fresh elastic fibers have a yellowish color and often are called yellow fibers. These fibers are visible only in tissue sections that have been stained with special stains, which make the elastic fibers appear black. Elastic fibers are abundant in the skin, arteries, and lungs, to allow them to return to their normal shape after being stretched.
Protein fiber in tendons
Collagen fibers
Strongest protein fiber
Collagen fibers
Protein fiber that appears white
Collagen fibers also called white fibers
Protein fiber with lots of stretch but can also recoil
Elastic Fibers
Location of collagen fibers
Collagen fibers are numerous in structures such as tendons and ligaments.
Location of reticular fibers
Reticular fibers are especially abundant in the stroma (connective tissue framework) of organs such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver.
Location of elastic fibers
Elastic fibers are abundant in the skin, arteries, and lungs, to allow them to return to their normal shape after being stretched.
What makes the ground substance
Ground substance is a noncellular material produced by the connective tissue cells, and it is within this substance that the connective tissue cells and protein fibers reside. The ground substance may be viscous (as in blood), semisolid (as in cartilage), or solid (as in bone). Together, the ground substance and the protein fibers it houses form the extracellular matrix. The viscous nature of the extracellular matrix restricts the movement and spread of disease-causing organisms.
Ground substance contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water. Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs, are one type of large molecule in the ground substance. A GAG is a polysaccharide (see section 2.7c) that is composed completely of carbohydrate building blocks, some of which have an attached amine group. GAGs are negatively charged and hydrophilic. The negative charges attract cations, such as sodium (Na+), and as a result water follows the movement of the positive ion. Thus, GAGs are able to attract and absorb water. Different GAGs attract varying amounts of water, depending on their number of negative charges, so the fluidity of the ground substance varies as a result. Different types of GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.
When a GAG is linked to a protein, it forms an even larger molecule within the ground substance called a proteoglycan. Proteoglycans have over 90% of their structure composed of carbohydrates, in the form of GAGs. The large structure of a proteoglycan is due primarily to the large number of negative charges in its GAGs, which then repel each other and cause the molecule to spread out and occupy more space. As we will see in this and future chapters, GAGs and proteoglycans perform numerous important functions in the body.
The ground substance includes other molecules, like adherent glycoproteins (proteins with carbohydrates attached; see section, which act as glue to bond connective tissue cells and fibers to the ground substance.
Components of ground substance
Ground substance contains different large molecules as well as varying amounts of water. Glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs, are one type of large molecule in the ground substance. A GAG is a polysaccharide (see section 2.7c) that is composed completely of carbohydrate building blocks, some of which have an attached amine group. GAGs are negatively charged and hydrophilic. The negative charges attract cations, such as sodium (Na+), and as a result water follows the movement of the positive ion. Thus, GAGs are able to attract and absorb water. Different GAGs attract varying amounts of water, depending on their number of negative charges, so the fluidity of the ground substance varies as a result. Different types of GAGs include chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.
Contains different large molecules and water
Location of ground substance
Ground substance is an amorphous gel-like substance in the extracellular space that contains all components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin. Ground substance is active in the development, movement, and proliferation of tissues, as well as their metabolism.
Describe different consistencies of ground substance
May be viscous (e.g., blood), semisolid (e.g., cartilage) or solid (e.g., bone)
Functions of connective tissues
These functions include: Physical protection Support and structural framework Binding of structures, Storage Transport Immune protection
Types of connective tissue and examples of each connective tissue in each type
connective tissue proper
supporting connective tissue
fluid connective tissue
Types of connective tissue proper and describe each
Connective Tissue Proper:
loose connective tissue
areolar
adipose
reticular
dense connective tissue:
regular
irregular
elastic
Loose connective tissue
Abundant ground substance
Three types:
areolar
adipose
reticular
Areolar connective tissue:
In and under skin, surrounds organs, nerve and muscle cells, and blood vessels
Adipose connective tissue:
Commonly known as fat
Composed primarily of adipocytes (fat cells)
Stores energy
Acts as an insulator
Serves as packing and cushion around structures
Located in subcutaneous layer and around organs
Reticular connective tissue:
Forms the structural framework of many lymphatic organs
spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Dense connective tissue:
Less ground substance
Three types:
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
elastic connective tissue
Dense regular connective tissue:
tightly packed parallel fibers
In tendons and ligaments
Dense irregular connective tissue:
Clumps of fibers in all directions
Found in:
Skin, bone, bone, capsules around organs
Elastic connective tissue: Branched densely packed elastic fibers Found in: walls of large arteries trachea vocal cords suspensory ligament of the penis
Supporting Connective Tissue
Supporting Connective Tissue
Cartilage:
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Bone:
Spongy
Compact
Cartilage:
Has a firm, semisolid extracellular matrix
Contains collagen and elastic protein fibers
Mature cells termed chondrocytes
occupy small spaces termed lacunae
Cartilage: (continued)
Stronger and more resilient than previously discussed types
Provides more flexibility than bone
Occurs in areas of body that need support and must withstand deformation
Three types:
hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage: Most common type of cartilage Weakest type Found in: nose, trachea, and larynx costal cartilage, articular ends of long bones most of fetal skeleton
Fibrocartilage: Weight-bearing cartilage which resists compression Found in: intervertebral discs- between vertebrae pubic symphysis –between pelvic bones menisci of knee joint
Elastic cartilage:
Flexible, springy cartilage
Found in:
external ear and the epiglottis
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Types of loose connective tissue and characteristics and location of each
(Loose Connective Tissue)
AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Abundant, viscous ground substance; few collagen and elastic fibers; scattered fibroblasts; many blood vessels
Function
Protects tissues and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue
Location:
Papillary layer of the dermis (skin); subcutaneous layer (deep to skin); surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and blood vessels
ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Closely packed adipocytes; nucleus pushed to edge of cell by large fat droplet; contains many blood vessels
Function:
Stores energy; insulates, cushions, and protects
Location:
Subcutaneous layer; surrounds and covers some organs
RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Viscous ground substance; meshwork of reticular fibers, leukocytes, and some fibroblasts
Function: Provides stroma (supportive framework) to lymphatic organs
Location:
Spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
Types of dense connective tissue and characteristics and location of each
(Dense Connective Tissue)
DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers; fibroblasts squeezed between layers of fibers; scarce ground substance; limited blood supply
Function:
Attaches bone to bone (most ligaments) as well as muscle to bone (tendon); resists stress applied in one direction
Location:
Tendons (attach muscle to bone); ligaments (typically attach bone to bone)
DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblasts in spaces among fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood supply
Function:
Withstands stresses applied in all directions; durable
Location:
Most of dermis of skin; periosteum covering bone; perichondrium covering cartilage, epineurium covering nerves, epimysium covering skeletal muscle, some organ capsules
ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
Structure:
Predominantly composed of elastic fibers; fibroblasts occupy some spaces between fibers
Function:
Allows for stretching and recoil
Location:
Walls of elastic arteries (such as the aorta), trachea, vocal cords
Types of supporting connective tissue
There are two types of supporting connective tissue: cartilage and bone.
Examples of fluid connective tissue
There are two types of fluid connective tissue: blood and lymph. Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements. Formed elements include cells, both erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells), and cellular fragments called platelets. The liquid ground substance is called plasma, and within it are proteins and solutes.
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Location of reticular connective tissue
Location:
Spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow
Location of adipose connective tissue
Location:
Subcutaneous layer; surrounds and covers some organs
Location of areolar connective tissue
Location:
Papillary layer of the dermis (skin); subcutaneous layer (deep to skin); surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and blood vessels
Function of adipose connective tissue
Function:
Stores energy; insulates, cushions, and protects
Location of adipocytes
Adipocytes are filled with lipid droplets, causing the nucleus to be pushed to the inside edge of the plasma membrane. On a histology slide, the lipid is extracted during tissue processing so all that is left is the plasma membrane and nucleus of the adipocyte.
Located in subcutaneous layer and around organs
What distinguishes dense regular from dense irregular
Dense Regular:
Densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers; fibroblasts squeezed between layers of fibers; LESS ground substance; “limited blood supply”
Dense Irregular:
Collagen fibers randomly arranged and clumped together; fibroblasts in spaces among fibers; MORE ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; “extensive blood supply”
Location of dense regular
Location:
Tendons (attach muscle to bone); ligaments (typically attach bone to bone)
Location of dense irregular
Location:
Most of dermis of skin; periosteum covering bone; perichondrium covering cartilage, epineurium covering nerves, epimysium covering skeletal muscle, some organ capsules
Location of elastic connective tissue
Location:
Walls of elastic arteries (such as the aorta), trachea, vocal cords
Types of cartilages
Cartilage:
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
Types of bone
Bone:
Spongy
Compact
Cartilage cells
Mature cartilage cells are called chondrocytes
Function of cartilage
HYALINE CARTILAGE:
Structure:
Glassy-appearing matrix; irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae
Function:
Provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton
Location:
Tip of nose; trachea; most of larynx, costal cartilage; both the epiphyseal (growth) plates and articular ends of long bones; most of fetal skeleton
FIBROCARTILAGE:
Structure:
Readily visible, numerous, parallel collagen fibers with limited ground substance; large chondrocytes in lacunae
Function:
Resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints
Location:
Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; menisci of knee joints
ELASTIC CARTILAGE:
Structure:
Abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae
Function:
Maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility
Location:
External ear; epiglottis of larynx
Spaces where cartilage cells reside
lacunae
Function of cartilage
It is present in areas of the body that need support and must withstand deformation, such as the tip of the nose or the auricle (external part) of the ear.
Spaces where cartilage cells reside
lacunae within the extracellular matrix.
Bone cells
Bone cells called osteocytes
Spaces that houses bone cells
housed within spaces in the extracellular matrix, lacunae
What distinguishes the two types of bone
Compact bone:
Dense bone tissue
Spongy bone:
Spaces between bone tissue
What are 2 fluid connective tissues
“Blood And Plasma” Are the 2 types
Blood:
Plasma: a watery ground substance containing protein fibers
Erythrocytes: red blood cells
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Thrombocytes (Platelets): fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting
Lymph:
Derived from blood plasma
Ultimately returned to bloodstream
What are 2 fluid connective tissues
“Blood And Plasma” Are the 2 types
Blood:
Plasma: a watery ground substance containing protein fibers
Erythrocytes: red blood cells
Leukocytes: white blood cells
Thrombocytes (Platelets): fragments of blood cells involved in blood clotting
Lymph:
Derived from blood plasma
Ultimately returned to bloodstream
What distinguishes the two types of bone
Compact bone:
Dense bone tissue
Spongy bone:
Spaces between bone tissue
Compact bone appears completely solid but is, in fact, perforated by a number of neurovascular canals. It has a uniform histologic pattern. Compact bone is formed from cylindrical structures called osteons, which display concentric rings of bone connective tissue called lamellae. The lamellae encircle a central canal that houses blood vessels and nerves.
Spongy bone is located within the interior of a bone, and it contains a latticework structure of bone connective tissue that is very strong yet lightweight.
Finally, some spongy bone houses hemopoietic (hemat = blood) cells, which form a type of reticular connective tissue that makes blood cells (a process called hemopoiesis
Extracellular matrix of blood
Plasma
Ground substance of blood
Plasma
What is the relationship between blood and lymph
Blood:
Structure:
Contains formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets); dissolved protein within a liquid ground substance called plasma
Function
Erythrocytes transport respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide); leukocytes help protect the body from infectious agents; and platelets help with blood clotting. Dissolved protein fibers coalesce and assist with blood clotting. Plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body.
Location:
Primarily within blood vessels and in the heart
The relationship between blood and lymph:
Lymph:
Derived from blood plasma
Ultimately returned to bloodstream
Blood:
Blood is a fluid connective tissue composed of formed elements. Formed elements include cells, both erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells), and cellular fragments called platelets
Plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body.
The difference between lymph and blood:
blood is the liquid in your body that transfers every cell and oxygen.
And lymph (Lymph Notes) they are the vessels that fight infections and carry white cells.
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
Platelets
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Blood cells involved in clotting
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Types of muscle tissue
Three types:
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth muscle
Function of muscle tissues
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE:
Structure and characteristics:
Long, cylindrical fibers (cells) arranged parallel and unbranched; fibers are multinucleated with visible striations; fiber is under voluntary control
Function:
Primarily responsible for moving skeleton and for thermoregulation (increases body temperature when muscles contract)
Location:
Attaches to bones or sometimes to skin (e.g., facial muscles); forms external urethral and anal sphincters
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE:
Structure and characteristics:
Medium-sized, typically branching cells; contain one or two centrally located nuclei with visible striations; intercalated discs between cells; under involuntary control
Function:
Pumps blood through heart and blood vessels
Location: Heart wall (myocardium)
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE:
Structure and characteristics:
Cells are short and fusiform in shape; contain one centrally located nucleus; cells do not have visible striations; under involuntary control
Function:
Moves and propels materials through internal organs; controls the size of the lumen
Location:
Walls of hollow internal organs, such as intestines, stomach, airways, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels; iris of the eye
Muscle cells
myocyte
Location of skeletal muscle
Location:
Attaches to bones or sometimes to skin (e.g., facial muscles); forms external urethral and anal sphincters
Function of skeletal muscle
Function:
Primarily responsible for moving skeleton and for thermoregulation (increases body temperature when muscles contract)
Type of muscle tissue that are voluntary
skeletal
Type of muscle tissue that are involuntary
Cardiac, smooth
Type of muscle tissue that have striations
skeletal, cardiac
Type of muscle tissue that have cylindrical cells
skeletal
Type of muscle tissue that have fusiform cells
smooth
Type of muscle tissue that have branched cells
cardiac
Gap junctions of the heart muscle cells
The cells are connected by intercalated, intercalates = inserted between) discs, which are intercellular junctions between the cells composed of desmosomes and gap junctions
Location of cardiac muscle
Location:
Heart wall (myocardium)
Function of cardiac muscle
Function:
Pumps blood through heart and blood vessels
Location of smooth muscle
Location:
Walls of hollow internal organs, such as intestines, stomach, airways, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels; iris of the eye
Function of smooth muscle
Function:
Moves and propels materials through internal organs; controls the size of the lumen
Nerve Cells
Consists of cells called neurons
The cells that support nerve cells
glial cells (or supporting cells)
Function of nerve tissue
Structure:
Contains neurons, which have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon that extend from the cell body; also contains glial cells, which lack the processes seen in neurons
Function:
Neurons receive, process, and transmit nerve impulses, whereas glial cells help protect, nourish, and support neurons
Location:
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
