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Chapter 4 > Chapter 4 Connect Assignment questions > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Connect Assignment questions Flashcards

1
Q

Which statements Describe chromosomes

A

They contain DNA and proteins

They are More condensed than chromatin

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2
Q

Chromatin is composed of what?

A

DNA and Proteins

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3
Q

A __________ contains a single,long, tightly coiled molecule of DNA and is found in a dividing cell

A

Chromosome

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4
Q

What is a passive form of transport

A

Simple Diffusion

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5
Q

The 3 parts of the cytoplasm are cytosol, inclusions, and ___________

A

Organelles

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6
Q

The viscous fluid in the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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7
Q

True or false? Membrane bound organelles include ribosomes

A

False. The Non-organelle membrane contains Ribosomes

They include:Membrane-bound organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

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8
Q

Whose function is this… Stabilize proteins

A

Ribosomes

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9
Q

Whose function is this… Provides structural support within cells

A

Cytoskeleton

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10
Q

Whose function is this… aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement

A

Microfilaments

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11
Q

Whose function is this… Stabilize cell junctions

A

Intermediate Filaments

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12
Q

Golgi appratus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes are grouped as__________

A

membrane bound organelles

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13
Q

___________ is a general function performed by all cells

A

to obtain nutrients

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14
Q

True or false? Obtaining nutrients and disposing of wastes is a general function that ALL cells must perform

A

True

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15
Q

The three components of the cytoplasm are ________________, ____________, _________

A

Cytosol, organelles,inclusions

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16
Q

The ___________ is a general term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

The ______ membrane is also called the cell membrane

A

Plasma

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18
Q

Much of the content of the __________ is the genetic material and DNA

A

Nucleus

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19
Q

__________ are complex, organized structures inside cells, they have unique characteristics and shapes

A

Organelles

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20
Q

Which statements characterize Rough ER

A

The amount of rough er is greater in cells that prdouce large amounts of proteins for secretion

Ribosomes ARE attached to rough ER

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21
Q

The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in _____

A

Smooth ER

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22
Q

The synthesis of proteins occurs in _________

A

Rough ER

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23
Q

What are the functions are smooth ER

A

Detoxification of alcohol
Synthesis of lipids
Transport of lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates

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24
Q

When viewed under a transmission electron microscope, the golgi apparatus looks like

A

A stack of flattened structures

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25
Q

The structure of the __________ has been compared to a warehouse center where arriving molecules are modified, packaged and shipped out

A

Golgi Apparatus

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26
Q

The organelles that function as an intracellular digestive system are the __________

A

lysosomes

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27
Q

Rapid digestion of a cell by its on lysosomes are called__________

A

autolysis

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28
Q

Destruction of the organelles, not the entire cell

A

Autophagy

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29
Q

______ are membrane enclosed sacs that contain over 50 different enzymes that vary by cell type that are initially formed by vesicles that pinch off from the rough ER

A

peroxisomes

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30
Q

A __________ is a small membranous organelle that breaks now hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisome

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31
Q

Which of the following are classified as part of the endomembrane system

A 
vesicles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
peroxisome
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32
Q

Which organelles are the powerhouses of the cell because they perform aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

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33
Q

Non membrane organelles are composed of which of the following

A

Protein and RNA

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34
Q

Bound ribosomes like those found on the Rough ER are involved in which of the following actions

A
  1. Synthesize proteins to serve as enzymes within lysosomes
  2. Synthesize proteins for export
  3. Synthesize integral proteins for the plasma membrane
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35
Q

The centrosome contains 2 ________ that lie perpendicular to one another

A

centrioles

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36
Q

The garbage disposal for unwanted and\or excess protein in a cell are the ___________

A

proteasomes

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37
Q

Microfilaments are made up of 2 strands of the protein _________

A

Actin

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38
Q

Microtubules function in all of the following except

A

Forming the internal support of microvilli

Note: Microfilaments form the support of microvilli NOT Microtubules

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39
Q

Flagella differ from cilia, in that flagella usually occur______ while cilia usually occur ______

A

(Singly), (in large numbers)

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40
Q

True or false? Cilia and flagella are projections that extend from the surface of some cells

A

True

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41
Q

______ are thin microscopic projections extending from the surface of the plasma membrane. They are smaller than cilia

A

Microvilli

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42
Q

___________ are thin miscroscopic membrane extensions from the surface of the plasma membrane that are shorter and more narrow than cilia

A

Microvilli

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43
Q

The 3 major types of membrane junctions are ________ junctions, demosomes, and gap junctions

A

Tight

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44
Q

Intestinal cells are joined by _________ in order to prevent digestive juices from moving between and damaging adjacent cells

A

Tight Junctions

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45
Q

Demosome membrane jucntions are reinforced by __________

A

Intermediate filaments

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46
Q

__________ junctions allow small solutes to travel between adjacent cells

A

Gap Junction

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47
Q

The _______ is a general term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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48
Q

Which statements characterize organelles

A
  1. Each type of organelle has a specific function
  2. They are generally located within the cell
  3. Each type of organelle differs in shape
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49
Q

What are the functions of Rough ER

A
  1. Formation of transport vesicles
  2. Production of Proteins
  3. Storage of proteins to be exported from the cell
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50
Q

Transport (Shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by __________

A

Rough ER

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51
Q

Which statements characterize smooth ER

A
  1. It can detoxify drugs
  2. It does NOT have ribsomes attached to it
  3. It stores lipids
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52
Q

Lysosomes remove old organelles through a process called __________

A

Autophagy

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53
Q

When a protein is marked for destruction by having a protein called ubiquitin bound to it, the organelle responsible for this removal is ________

A

proteasomes

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54
Q

Microtubules are composed of a protein called ___________

A

Globular tubulin

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55
Q

_________ function like spot welds to seal off the intacellular space and prevent substances from passing between the cells

A

Tight Junctions

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56
Q

_________ junctions are found between adjacent epithelial cells and prevent substances from leaking between them

A

Tight

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57
Q

Which statements correctly describes the nuclear envelope

A
  1. It controls the entry of substances into and put of the nucleus
  2. It contains Phospholipids
  3. It is continuous with the ER
  4. It is a double membrane
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58
Q

The nuclear envelope is continuous with the _______ in the cytoplasm and have ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface

A

Rough ER

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59
Q

Match the DNA Substance:

  1. Finely filamented mass of DNA and protein
  2. becomes visible only when the cell is dividing
  3. DNA double helix wound around a clusters of histones
A
  1. Chromatin
  2. Chromosomes
  3. Nucleosome
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60
Q

Match the nueclotide pairs of DNA

  1. Adenine pairs with ______
  2. Guanine pairs with ______
  3. Cytosine pairs with______
  4. Thyamine pairs with _____
A
  1. Thyamine
  2. Cytosine
  3. Guanine
  4. Adenine
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61
Q

In preparation for cell division, long DNA molecules wind around a cluster of special nuclear proteins called________

A

Histones

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62
Q

The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane structure called the _________

A

Nuclear Envelope

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63
Q

________ is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA nucleotides

A

Uracil

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64
Q

In DNA, adenine pairs with _______

A

Thymine

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65
Q

The rate at which a substance diffuse is not constant but is dependent upon which of the following

A
  1. Temperature

2. Magnitude of the concentration gradient

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66
Q

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding simple diffusion

A

Energy (ATP) for the action is provided by the plasma membrane

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67
Q

_________ occurs when substances move across cell membranes unaided because they are either small, nonpolar, or both

A

Simple diffusion

68
Q

Sodium ions move into the cell by ___________

A

Channel mediated Diffusion

69
Q

Osmosis is unique as it involves the movement of _________and does not involve the movement of_____________

A

water, solutes

70
Q

Osmosis is a type of _________ transport

A

Passive transport

71
Q

True or false?The phospholipid bilayer prevents the movement of most solutes

A

True

72
Q

True or false? water molecules can pass throughthe phospholipid bilayer if aquaporins are present

A

True

73
Q

In general ______ molecules move across the plasma membrane readily, while _____ molecules need special transport systems to move them across the membrane

A

smaller, larger

74
Q

A difference in solute concentration can exist between the cytosol and the interstitial fluid because the _______prevents their movement

A

phospholipid bilayer

75
Q

Osmosis is a type of diffusion in which the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is from a region of ________ water concentration to a region of ________water concentration

A

High, Low

76
Q

True or false? The steeper the concentration gradient of a solute, the lower the osmotic pressure

A

False

As a solute gradient increases so does the osmotic pressure

77
Q

If a cell is placed into a solution of distilled water (which contain no solutes), the cell will _____

A

Lyse (Burst)

78
Q

A cell placed into a hypotonic solution will undergo

A

Lysis (Burst)

79
Q

Active transport processess move substance across membranes against a concentration gradient. The source for active transport is supplied primarily by cellular energy in the form of __________

A

ATP

80
Q

Active transport mechanisms that moves ions across a selectively permeable membrane are referred to as ______pumps Those that move one type of ion into the cell and another type of ion out of the cells are specifically called _____ pumps

A

ions, exchange

81
Q

The sodium potassium exchange pumps ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ____ potassium ions it transports into a cell

A

3,2

82
Q

If two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction by a carrier protein it is called an ____

A

Symporter

83
Q

The term endocytosis

A

includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis

84
Q

Exocytosis is a means by which cells release substances to the outside. This process requires the cell to expend energy in the form of ___________, Typically the secretion is packaged into __________ which fuse with the _________ prior to release

A

ATP, Vesicles, Plasma

85
Q

The net movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration is ________

A

Diffusion

86
Q

____________and _________ solutes move more easily across the phospholipid bilayer

A

small and nonpolar solutes

87
Q

When water moves across a semi permeable membrane , the pressure it exerts is ____________

A

Osmotic pressure

88
Q

A cell containing 0.9% NaCl is placed in a solution with 5 %NaCl, the solution outside of the cell is _______ relative to the other contents.

A

Hypertonic

89
Q

Match the tonicity to its definition

  1. The cytosol and solution outside the cell have the sane concentration of solutes
  2. The solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol
  3. The solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol
A
  1. Isotonic
  2. Hypotonic
  3. Hypertonic
90
Q

Primary active transport uses phosphate from the breakdown of __________ to phosphorylate the membrane transport pump resulting in the change in a ___________ conformation (shape) and the subsequent movement of a solute across the membrane

A

ATP, protein’s

91
Q

Exocytosis is the process whereby large molecules are secreted ________ the cell

A

From

92
Q

Which are required for translation

A

tRNA
mRNA
Ribosomes
Amino acids

93
Q

The synthesis of a new protein from an mRNA transcript is called _________

A

Translation

94
Q

The primary cellular sites for the production of proteins are the __________

A

Ribosomes

95
Q

A codon can code for all of the following except as ___________

A

anticodon of mRNA

Note: Anticodons are on tRNA

96
Q

Match the stage of translation with the events that occur within it:

  1. mRNA binds to ribosomal subunits and a tRNA carrying methioine
  2. Amino acids are added to form a protein
  3. Ribosome subunits seperate and the protein is released
A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
97
Q

DNA is considered the boss of the cell because _______

A

It directs the synthesis of proteins that carry out body functions

98
Q

A ____________ is made as a product of translation

A

protein

99
Q

Th process that occurs on ribosomes by which a mRNA transcript is read and a new protein produced is called ________

A

translation

100
Q

During translation the __________ site is where the new amino acid joins the ribosome, the __________site is the new polypeptide that is forming and the _________ site is from where the tRNA exits

A

aminoacyl, P, E

101
Q

A 3 nucleotide unit of mRNA is known as ______

A

Codon

102
Q

Put the steps of translation into proper order:

A
  1. Ribosomal subunits bind the mRNA and a tRNA
  2. Protein synthesis begins with the amino acid methionine
  3. Anticodons and codons are paired; amino acids are joined
  4. A stop codon is read
  5. Ribosomal subunits seperate releasing the protein
103
Q

True or false? DNA is considered the control center (BOSS) of the cell because it directs the synthesis of carbohydrates that carry out body functions

A

False

Not carbohydrates but proteins

104
Q

The primary cellular sites for the production of proteins are the _________

A

Ribosomes

105
Q

____________ are common cell shapes

A

Spherical, Column- like, Cube -like

106
Q

A resting membrane potential is essential in the normal function of which of the following type of cells

A

Muscle and Nerve cells

107
Q

The relative distributions of K+, which is more concentrated inside the cell and Na+ which is more concentrated outside of the cell are the result of the activity of the _________

A

Na+\K+ pump

108
Q

The inside of the cell is relatively more _____ than the outside of the cell

A

Negative

109
Q

The net movement of the K+ and Na+ in maintaining the resting membrane potential is partially dependent upon the number of _____________

A

Leak channels

110
Q

____________diffusion is the most important factor in establishing the specific value of the resting membrane potential

A

Potassium

111
Q

Sodium diffusion into cells occurs ___________the loss of K+

A

Simultaneously

112
Q

Both Na+ and K+ are pumped by the Na+\K+ pumps ________ their concentration gradients in maintaining the resting membrane potential

A

up

113
Q

Neurons have a resting membrane potential of ___ mv

A

-70

114
Q

Na+ and K+ are moved in _______ directions to maintain the resting membrane potential

A

Opposite

115
Q

Place the steps of transcription in order:

A
  1. DNA is unwound and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter of the gene
  2. RNA polymerase forms an RNA copy of the gene
  3. The RNA strand is released from the DNA strand
116
Q

Which of the following functional types of RNA are produced during transcription

A

tRNA, mRNA, rRNA

117
Q

What events will happen during transcription once RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene?

A

The hydrogen bonds between the two strands of DNA will break

The DNA double heliz will open up as the strands seperate

118
Q

____________ describes the process of formation of hydrogen bonds between a base of a ribonucleotide and its complimentary base of the DNA strand

A

Elongation

119
Q

When the hydrogen bonds are broken between the DNA strand and the newly formed RNA strand, then ________ has occured

A

Termination

120
Q

The initial strand of mRNA formed during transcription is more specifically called _________ mRNA

A

pre, or primary transcript

121
Q

Following transcription _______ is not a modification that can be made to a newly formed mRNA

A

decarboxylation

122
Q

To increase the stability of mature mRNA, sometimes a Gunanine will be added to the lead end , this modification process is called

A

Capping

123
Q

Which of the following describes the role of the promoter during transcription

A
  1. It serves as the strating point of a gene

2. It is the part of the gene that RNA polymerase will contact and recognize

124
Q

After transcription, RNA undergoes splicing in which the _______ are removed and the ______ are spliced together

A

introns, exons

125
Q

A typical cell that has how many nuclei _____

A

one

126
Q

The _______ is the control center of cellular activies in a cell

A

DNA

127
Q

Forms of passive transport across cell membranes include

A

Diffusion, Osmosis

128
Q

What is NOT found in the plasma membrane

A

DNA

129
Q

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses a _______________ to create an image for viewing

A

electron beam

130
Q

The microscope of choice for a detailed three dimensional study of the surface of a cell specimen is the

A

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

131
Q

The cell structure that functions as the gatekeeper to regulate the passage of gases, nutrients and wastes between the internal and external enviroment is the _____________

A

Plasma membrane

132
Q

The phospholipid bilayer ensures that the ________ remains outside the cell

A

The phospholipid bilayer ensures that cytosol remains inside the cell, and interstitial fluid remains outside.

133
Q

The bulk of the plasma membrane consists of a ____________

A

phospholipid bilayer

134
Q

Match the function of the plasma membrane with its mechanism of action:

  1. Contain receptors that recognize and respond to molecular signals
  2. Establishes and maintains an electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane
  3. Phospholipid bilayer seperates substances inside and outside of the cell
  4. Regulated entry and exit of ions, nutrients, and waste molecules, through the membrane
A
  1. Communication
  2. Electrochemical Gradients
  3. Physical barrier
  4. Selectively permeability
135
Q

The basic structure of the plasma membrane is the ___________

A

Phospholipid bilayer

136
Q

A type of steroid called _________ is scattered within the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer where is strengthens the membrane and stabilizes it at extreme temperatures

A

Cholesterol

137
Q

Which statements are true regarding cholesterol

A

It strengthens the plasma membrane and it is scattered within the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer

138
Q

Which statements are true regarding glycolipids

A

They are located only on the outer layer of the plasma membrane and they are important for cell to cell recognition

139
Q

True or false? Integral proteins extend through the plasma membrane , peripheral proteins do not

A

True

140
Q

There are 2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane, these two types are ______ proteins and ______proteins

A

integral, peripheral

141
Q

Proteins with an attached carbohydrate groups are ___________

A

glycoproteins

142
Q

_________proteins are NOT embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

A

Peripheral

143
Q

Channels, carriers, pumps, symporters, and antiporters are all examples of __________

A

Transport proteins

144
Q

proteins that assist the movement of a substance across a cell membrane are called _________

A

transmembrane proteins

145
Q

____________proteins provide a means of regulating movement of substances across the plasma membrane

A

Transport proteins

146
Q

__________is not a function of plasma membrane proteins

A

Energy production

147
Q

Which of the following correctly describes enzymes

A

They are proteins
They are catalysts
They may be attached to the internal or external surface of a cell.

148
Q

Types of transport proteins include:

A

Carriers, channels, pumps

149
Q

Some membrane proteins catalyze (speed up) the rate of metabolic reactions. These proteins are acting as _____________

A

enzymes

150
Q

The 2 major categories of transport are ______ transport that requires no energy expenditure and ______ transport

A

passive, active

151
Q

Match the membrane bound organelles with their structures

  1. Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles, no ribosomes attached
  2. Flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cristernae, ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface
  3. Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles
  4. Double membrane structures with cristae
A
  1. Smooth ER
  2. Rough ER
  3. Golgi Appartus
  4. Mitochondria
152
Q

The organelle in which transcription takes place is the _____________

A

nucleus

153
Q

Select all of the following that is required for transcription

A

RNA polymerase, Ribonucleotide, DNA

154
Q

True or false? In transcription a DNA gene is read and copied to produce a newly formed strand of DNA

A

False

155
Q

During transcription

A

RNA polymerase builds an RNA copy of a DNA gene

156
Q

The study of cells is called ____________

A

Cytology

157
Q

Physical or direct contact between two cells is important in normal functioning in some cells, especially those of the _________ system

A

immune

158
Q

________________ are an example of who might share the same pattern of sugars that extend from their cells in the form of a glycocalyx

A

Identical Twins

159
Q

Liagands are molecules released from one cell that bind to the receptor of another cell, which of the following are types of receptors that can bind ligands

A

Channel linked
Enzymatic
G protein coupled

160
Q

What is not an example of how sperm communicate through direct contact

A

The cells of the hypothalamus sending out pyrogens to induce fever

161
Q

Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining the _________

A

Glycoclayx

162
Q

In passive transport process materials flow from a region of ______ concentration to a region of ________concentration of the same material

A

high, low

163
Q

The unit of measurement often used to measure cell size

A

micrometer (um)

164
Q

In facilitated diffusion _______ and _______diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane down their concentration gradient

A

small polar molecules and ions

165
Q

Light microscopy passes________ through the structures within a cell whereas electron microscopy uses a __________ of _________ to illuminate the specimen

A

Light, beam, electrons

166
Q

An image produced by passing a visible light through a specimen is obtained using a ________

A

Light microscope

167
Q

The 2 types of facilitated diffusion are ________ and __________

A

carrier mediated diffusion

channel mediated diffusion

Chapter 4 (3 decks)

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