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Geology 108 > Chapter 5 - The Structure And Topography Of Earth's Crust > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - The Structure And Topography Of Earth's Crust Flashcards

1
Q 
The Hawaiian Islands are formed of volcanoes caused by:
A) Plate divergence
B) A rising plume of mantle (a hot spot)
C) Plate collision
D) A subduction zone
A

B) A rising plume of mantle (a hot spot)

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2
Q 
Most volcanoes in Earth's volcanic arcs are:
A) Shield volcanoes
B) Pyroclastic cones
C) Stratovolcanoes
D) Domes
E) Caldera
A

C) Stratovolcanoes

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3
Q 
Shield volcanoes are composed mainly of:
A) Mafic lava (basalt)
B) Intermediate lava and pyroclastic material
C) Felsic lava (rhyolite)
D) Felsic pyroclastic material
E) Ultramafic lava
A

A) Mafic lava (basalt)

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4
Q 
Orogenic mountains form at or near \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Colliding plates
B) Diverging plates
C) In the middle of plates
D) Anywhere on Earth
A

A) Colliding plates

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5
Q 
The age of oceanic crust \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ with increasing distance from the mid-oceanic ridges.
A) Increases
B) Decreases
C) Stays the same
D) Varies randomly
A

A) Increases

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6
Q 
The oldest lava (basalt) on the sea floor is about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (pick closest answer).
A) 20 Ka
B) 2 Ma
C) 20 Ma
D) 200 Ma
E) 2000 Ma
A

D) 200 Ma

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7
Q 
Continental coastlines that occur within the interior of a tectonic plate are called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Internal margins
B) Passive margins
C) Active margins
D) Inert margins
E) Orogenic margins
A

B) Passive margins

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8
Q 
The process of plate tectonics results from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in Earth's mantle.
A) Convection
B) Subduction
C) Orogeny
D) Isostasy
E) Differentiation
A

A) Convection

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9
Q 
The portion of Earth that is broken into tectonic plates is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Crust
B) Lithosphere
C) Lithosphere and asthenosphere
D) Mantle
E) Crust and mantle
A

B) Lithosphere

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10
Q 
The oldest lava (basalt) on the sea floor is about \_\_\_\_\_\_ (pick closest answer).
A) 15 Ka
B) 5 Ma
C) 50 Ma
D) 150 Ma
E) 1500 Ma
A

D) 150 Ma

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11
Q 
The oldest lava (basalt) on the sea floor is about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (pick closest answer).
A) 16 Ka
B) 6 Ma
C) 60 Ma
D) 160 Ma
E) 1600 Ma
A

D) 160 Ma

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12
Q

Mid-Oceanic Ridges (rises), for the most part occur:
A) Anywhere on the oceanic crust
B) Within about 50 km of the geographic centre line of the ocean basins (for about 90% of their length)
C) Vaguely near the geographic centre line of the ocean basins
D) Only in the Atlantic Ocean
E) Only in the Pacific Ocean

A

B) Within about 50 km of the geographic centre line of the ocean basins (for about 90% of their length)

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13
Q 
The city of Saskatoon is built on a rather typical \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Precambrian shield
B) Phanerozoic platform
C) Raised abyssal plain
D) Ancient continental shelf
E) Eroded tectonic mountain belt
A

A) Precambrian shield

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14
Q

Which of the following was/were important to the earliest concepts about the breakup of Pangaea (prior to 1967)?
A) Jig-saw puzzle like fit of continents, especially across the Atlantic
B) Matching of rocks older than the time of breakup
C) Matching of fossils older than the breakup
D) All of the above
E) Only ‘a’ above

A

A) Jig-saw puzzle like fit of continents, especially across the Atlantic

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15
Q

A fossil group called an Index Fossil is one which:
A) Has limited geographic distribution, but a long time range
B) Has a large geographic distribution, but a short time range
C) Tells us a lot about the geographic environment where and when the organism lived
D) Was especially useful for determining the break-up of Pangaea
Especially tells us about past ice-ages

A

B) Has a large geographic distribution, but a short time range

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16
Q

It seems unlikely that we will ever find fossils much older (more than about 10% older) than Cyanobacteria because _______.
A) Earth’s surface was too hot due to radioactive decay of some isotopes
B) Earth was under heavy asteroid all and cometary “attack”
C) Earth had no oxygen in its atmosphere
D) Earth had no oceans
E) Some combination of “a” and “b”

A

E) Some combination of “a” and “b”

17
Q 
The ages of the oldest  known rocks in the continental parts of Earth's crust are just over \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) 16 Ka
B) 1 Ma
C) 100 Ma
D) 1 Ga
E) 4 Ga
A

E) 4 Ga

18
Q 
The boundary between continental crust and oceanic crust, although several kilometres below sea level, is marked approximately by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Oceanic shoreline
B) Oceanic trenches
C) Edge of the continental shelf
D) Bottom of the continental slope
A

C) Edge of the continental shelf

19
Q

The most common way of obtaining the “absolute” age of a fossil is _______.
A) By direct radiometric dating of the fossil remains
B) By direct radiometric dating of the stratum in which it is found
C) By estimating how long it would take for evolution to have produced the eh organism that left the fossil
D) By bracketing the age of the stratum containing the fossil
E) All of the above

A

D) By bracketing the age of the stratum containing the fossil

20
Q

A petroleum company is considering drilling into a fold in subsurface sedimentary rocks in the hopes of discovering oil. The only certain information they have is that the core of the fold contains older strata than those on the limbs of the fold. This means that the fold is a(n) _______.
A) Syncline
B) Anticline
C) Can’t tell, could be either

A

B) Anticline

21
Q

Based on their overall mineral compositions _______.
A) The oceanic crust is basaltic and the continental crust is granitic
B) The oceanic crust is granitic and the continental crust is basaltic
C) Both are granitic
D) Both are basaltic

A

A) The oceanic crust is basaltic and the continental crust is granitic

22
Q 
Saskatoon is located on a classic example of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) Ancient craton
B) Phanerozoic platform
C) Highly eroded Orogen
D) Ancient accretion army prism
E) In-filled tectonic rift zone
A

B) Phanerozoic platform

23
Q 
A large portion of an ancient craton that is overtrain by younger, generally flat lying strata, is called (a): Such rock masses are encountered at the bottom of holes we drill through the overlying strata.
A) Craton basement
B) Craton shelf
C) Shield
D) Overburden
E) Craton roof
A

A) Craton basement

24
Q 
Rising plumes of the mantle are frequently associated with:
A) Basaltic volcanoes
B) Plate divergence
C) Normal faults
D) Mid-ocean ridges
E) All of the above
A

E) All of the above

25
Q 
Which of the following sometimes form petroleum traps?
A) Unconformities
B) Organic reefs
C) Anticlines
D) All of a-c
E) none of a-c
A

D) All of a-c

26
Q 
A large region of Precambrian rock that is exposed at the Earth's surface is called (a):
A) Basement
B) Shelf
C) Shield
D) Overburden
E) Roof
A

C) Shield

27
Q 
The word Pangaea refers to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) A subdivision of the geological time scale
B) A 200-300 my old supercontinent
C) An interesting volcano
D) One of the tectonic plates
E) None of the above
A

B) A 200-300 my old supercontinent

28
Q 
Rising plumes of mantle are frequently associated with:
A) Basaltic volcanoes
B) Plate divergence
C) Normal faults
D) Mid-ocean ridges
E) All of the above
A

E) All of the above

29
Q

Which of the following statements are true concerning the Moho?
A) The rock density is less below the Moho than above it
B) The rock density is less below the Moho than above it and the Moho is the boundary between the crust and the mantle
C) The rock density is greater below the Moho than above it and the Moho is the boundary between the mantle and the core
D) The rock density is less below the Moho than above it and the Moho is the boundary between the mantle and the core
E) The rock density is greater below the Moho than above it and the Moho is the boundary between the mantle and the core

A

C) The rock density is greater below the Moho than above it and the Moho is the boundary between the crust and the mantle

Geology 108 (11 decks)

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