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History > Chapter 5 The Renaissance > Flashcards

Chapter 5 The Renaissance Flashcards

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1
Q

When did the Renaissance begin? How long did it last? What did people start to appreciate?

A

At the start of the 1400s. 200 years. The achievements of the Ancient Greeks and Romans.

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2
Q

What does Renaissance mean?

A

Rebirth

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3
Q

What was the renewed interest in learning called?

A

Humanism

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4
Q

What is humanism? Compare Medieval beliefs with Renaissance beliefs?

A

Humanism puts human beings at the centre of everything. Medieval people believed that religion was the most important thing in life and heaven was more important than Earth. Renaissance people believed life on Earth was more important than life in heaven.

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5
Q

What did many people do during the Renaissance?

A

They studied and painted the natural world and especially humans who were part of it.

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6
Q

Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?

A 
The Old Roman Empire
Influence of Greek Scholars
Wealthy Italian Merchants
Influence of New Ideas
Independent City States
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7
Q

Explain why the Old Roman Empire helped make the Renaissance start in Italy?

A

Old Roman buildings were everywhere and these were not only easier to study and learn from but reminded Italians of their ancestor’s achievements.

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8
Q

How did Greek scholars influence Italy and help make the Renaissance start there?

A

Greek scholars fleeing from Constantinople after it was captured by the Turks. These scholars fled to Italy and brought with them many manuscripts containing writing on the Ancient Greek and Romans.

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9
Q

How did wealthy Italian merchants help start the Renaissance in Italy?

A

Rich Italian merchants funded artists,inventors and sculptors like Leonardo De Vinci. They had so much money because Italy was situated in the centre of The Silk Road and this meant they could buy spices cheaply and sell them for large sums of money.

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10
Q

How did new ideas from other civilisations help cause the Renaissance to begin in Italy?

A

Travelers from the east coming on trade routes from much more advanced civilisations brought new ideas to Italy as Italy was the centre of all trade in the west.

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11
Q

How did independent city states help the Renaissance start in Italy?

A

Italy being made up of many smaller city states meant these states always competed with each other so if one state had a marvelous painting then the other states would want one too. This also meant that because there was no one person ruling Italy the states were open to new ideas.

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12
Q

Who ruled Rome?

A

The Pope

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13
Q

Who ruled Florence?

A

The Medicis

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14
Q

Who ruled Milan?

A

The Sforzas a military family.

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15
Q

How did the people of Venice elect a ruler?

A

The richest families alerted a council to run their city.

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16
Q

Who was a patron?

A

A Patron was a person who commissioned someone to create a work of art.

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17
Q

What was the richest city in Italy in 1400? How did they become so rich?

A

Florence. The state made its fortune through its wool trade and banking.

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18
Q

Why did the Renaissance begin in Florence?

A

The Florentines were proud of their city and paid great sculptors and architects to make it beautiful.

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19
Q

Who were the richest family in Florence? Who was the head of the family in the middle of the 15th century? Who was Cosmo de Medici?

A

The Medicis. Cosmo de Medici. Cosmo de Medici was a business man and a great Renaissance painter.

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20
Q

What did Cosmo do for literature?

A

He sent agents around Europe copying ancient manuscripts. He built a public library to house these manuscripts. He built an acad my called the Platonic Academy where scholars could study manuscripts.

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21
Q

What did Cosmo do for the arts?

A

Cosmo was a great patron of the arts. He invited artists and inventors to stay on his home and work for him. He also paid for the building of many public buildings. For Example he paid Brunelleschi to build a parish church in Florence in the new Renaissance style.

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22
Q

What did Cosmo do as the ruler of Florence?

A

Cosmo was a rich man and used his money to make sure all his friends were elected to the council this made Cosmo the real ruler of Florence. He ruled the city for thirty years, he helped keep the peace between Italy’s city states allowing trade to flourish. Under his rule Florence became the cultural capital of Europe.

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23
Q

Who was Lorenzo the magnificent?

A

Cosmos’ grandson took over when he was only 20 years old. He was a great patron of the arts and this is why he was coined ‘Lorenzo the Magnificent’.

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24
Q

Explain Florence’s decline?

A

After Lorenzo’s death the King of France invaded Italy this drained much of Florence’s money and resources.

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25
Q

When Florence’s wealth was reduced who became the main patrons of the arts? Give Two examples?

A

The popes such as Julius II and Leo X.

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26
Q

How were paintings in the Renaissance different from those of the medieval period?

A

They were painted more lifelike.

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27
Q

What was anatomy?

A

The study of the human body. Many artists cut up dead bodies to figure out how they worked.

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28
Q

What was perspective? What does this cause?

A

Artists began to paint people at the back of the picture smaller than those at the front. This gives the illusion of depth.

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29
Q

What is an icon?

A

A painting of a religious subject.

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30
Q

What is a portrait?

A

Painting of a person.

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31
Q

What is Sfumato?

A

The use of tiny brush strokes to blend areas into each other.

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32
Q

What was the advantage of oil paint over egg whites?

A

It dried slower giving artists more time for detail.

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33
Q

What is the advantage of canvas?

A

The paint doesn’t crackle and flake away as badly.

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34
Q

What is a fresco?

A

A painting painted directly onto wet plaster.

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35
Q

Who was Leonardo de Vinci?

A

A great renaissance man. He was an artist and an inventor.

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36
Q

When and where was Leonardo born?

A

1452 in the town of Vinci near Florence.

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37
Q

Who was Leonardo apprenticed to? What soon became clear?

A

Verrocchio. That Leonardo was better than his master.

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38
Q

When did Leonardo move to Milan? What did he do there? For whom?

A

When Florence became involved in the war. He painted the last supper on the wall of a convent church and invented many weapons of war and marvelous machines for the Duke of Milan Sforza.

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39
Q

What machines did Leonardo invent for the Duke of Milan Sforza?

A

Helicopter, tank, cannon, submarine and parachute but the Duke would provide no funding so these designs never left Leonardo’s notebooks.

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40
Q

What was unusual about Leonardo’s notebooks? How many pages are there recovered so far? What were they about?

A

He wrote in mirror writing back to front, we have 5,000 pages of Leonardo’s notebooks, Geology, botany and engineering.

41
Q

Talk about Leonardo and people?

A

If he saw an interesting face he would copy it into his notebooks. He came up with dimensions for the face and he cut up over thirty bodies.

42
Q

Talk about Leonardo and nature?

A

Leonardo worked out how to tell a trees age and how rocks were formed.

43
Q

Where did Leonardo spend his last years?

A

France working for the king.

44
Q

Who was Raphael Sanzio? When was he born?

A

A young Italian painter. 1483.

45
Q

Where and what did he study?

A

He studied in Florence and learned about Leonardo de Vinci. He learned how to use sfumato and studied anatomy.

46
Q

State two reasons why the Renaissance spread out from Italy?

A

Painters from Italy worked for patrons in other countries spreading the ideas of the Renaissance and people came to Italy to see the Renaissance and brought the ideas of the Renaissance back to their areas.

47
Q

Who was Pieter Bruegel when and where was he born?

A

Pieter Bruegel was a Renaissance painter born in 1525 in the village of Brueghel in The Netherlands.

48
Q

Why is there not much information on Bruegel’s early life?

A

His father was a poor peasant farmer.

49
Q

Who was Pieter apprenticed to? Who did he later marry?

A

Pieter Coecke van Aelst. His masters daughter.

50
Q

What kind of painting is Bruegel famous for?

A

Bruegel painted the landscape as the fore front of his paintings which is unusual of Renaissance painters. Rueful also paid ordinary people not just portraits of rich people who could fund the paintings.

51
Q

Why are many people in Bruegel’s painting stupid looking and ugly?

A

Because Bruegel had no faith in human nature.

52
Q

How many of Bruegel’s paintings survive? Who were his sons?

A
  1. Pieter and Jan.
53
Q

What were the main differences between statues in the Middle Ages and statues in the Renaissance?

A 
Statues in the Middle Ages were:
-not lifelike
-part of buildings usually churches.
Statues in the Renaissance were:
-apart from buildings built for themselves
-lifelike with bones and muscles
-often in the nude
54
Q

Who was one of the fist sculptor to dissect (cut up) a body to see how it worked? What was his statue made of? Who did it depict?

A

Donatello. Bronze. David

55
Q

What is a sculptor?

A

An artist who makes sculptures or statues using stone, metal or wood.

56
Q

Who was Michelangelo Buonarroti? Who first recognized his talent?

A

Michelangelo Buonarroti was born near Florence in 1475. When he was 13 years old his father apprenticed him to a sculptor. Lorenzo de Medici first noticed his talent. Michelangelo died in 1564.

57
Q

What did Michelangelo do after Lorenzo’s death?

A

After Lorenzo’s death Michelangelo went to Rome there he made his statue pietà. Which means sorrow. It is made of white marble and shows Mary holding Jesus in her arms.

58
Q

When was Michelangelo’s David made? What inspired Michelangelo to make this statue?

A

At the time their was a war between Florence and France. Although France was more powerful Florence won the war. This inspired Michelangelo to make his statue of David out of white marble.

59
Q

Why did Pope Julius the 2nd hire Michelangelo? Describe his work there?

A

Pope Julius the 2nd hired Michelangelo to paint frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. For four years he worked. The frescoes told the story of the creation of the world from the Bible. He often forgot to eat or sleep and only Pope Julius and an old servant were allowed to watch him work. When he finished the whole ceiling was covered with over 300 figures. Later in life he painted a large fresco called The Last Judgement on one of the walls of the Sistine Chapel.

60
Q

Explain two other arts Michelangelo was involved in? When did Michelangelo die?

A

Michelangelo was a fine poet and wrote over 300 love poems most were sonnets. He was also a great architect he designed the great dome of St. Peter’s Basilica and the Laurentian library. Michelangelo was almost 90 years old when he died he never married and he said his statues and paintings were his children.

61
Q

What was the Renaissance style based off?

A

The ideas of the Greeks and Romans.

62
Q

What were the main differences between the Renaissance style and the Gothic style?

A

Domes instead of Spires
Symmetry
Round arches instead of pointed arches
Pediments and columns instead of flying buttresses.

63
Q

Who was the first famous architect of the Renaissance. When was he born? When did he die?

A

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)

64
Q

What did Brunelleschi do that influenced the style of the Renaissance?

A

He studied Roman buildings especially the Pantheon and learned how to make a dome. He built a dome on a cathedral in Florence and Domes became a key part of architecture during the Renaissance.

65
Q

What was symmetry?

A

Symmetry meant that the same numbers of windows would be on each side of the house or that their was the same number of arches either side of the aisle in a church. All Renaissance buildings followed an exact symmetrical plan.

66
Q

What was the purpose of round arches?

A

They supported and decorated buildings.

67
Q

Who brought back the idea of pediments and columns from Greek and Roman buildings and used it during the Renaissance? What was his style called?

A

Andrea Palladio made pediments and columns popular again with his new style Palladian with which he made over 150 houses for wealthy Italians.

68
Q

What is a pediment?

A

Structure in architecture usually triangular that is supported by columns.

69
Q

What is a manuscript?

A

A manuscript is a handwritten document that was painstakingly written over a long period of time.

70
Q

Why were books so expensive?

A

Books were very expensive at this time because they were rare and hard to make. Only very rich people could afford more than one or two. This all changed with the invention of the printing press as books became cheaper to make and more accessible.

71
Q

Who first used a printing press that used moveable type?

A

Johannes Gutenberg invented a printing press that used moveable type. This allowed him to use small metal letters over and over to make new words. It was much quicker and cheaper to make a book this way. Firstly the metal letters are put into boxes. Secondly the letters are made into words and set out in pages. Then ink was spread on each page before the ink page was placed on paper and a large screw pressed down hard on the page. Finally the sheets were hung out to dry before being bound into books.

72
Q

What was the first printed book in Europe?

A

The first printed book in Europe was Gutenberg’s copy of the Bible. His copy had 1300 pages and only forty seven copies of it still exist. Gutenbergs copy is one of the most valuable books in the world.

73
Q

Who was the first English printer? What was the first book he printed?

A

The first English printer in 1476 was William Caxton and one of the first books he printed was the Canterbury tales by Chaucer.

74
Q

List four ways that printing changed the world?

A

Printing changed the world and is one of the most important events in history because books were more available so people learned to read and write, books became cheaper so people could afford to own them and ideas spread more easily because people could write books about them. It also became harder for the church and the kings to stop ideas they didn’t like beacause multiple books could be written about it.

75
Q

List three ways that literature changed during the Renaissance?

A

Literature in the Renaissance was different then that of the Middle Ages because during the Middle Ages most manuscripts were written in Latin but during the Renaissance books appeared written in the vernacular language of the local people and writers in the Renaissance began to write about everyday things and not just about religious themes. There were also new styles of literature such as plays or novels.

76
Q

What is vernacular literature? Name two Renaissance writers soho write in their vernacular language?

A

Vernacular literature is literature written in the language of the local people rather than just in Greek or Latin. Two writers who wrote in the vernacular language were Cervantes (Spanish) and William Shakespeare (English).

77
Q

Who was Cervantes?

A

Miguel Cervantes was a Spanish Renaissance writer who wrote in his vernacular language. He wrote a novel in 1605 it was called Don Quixote. It was one of the first books to tell the story’s of ordinary people like shepherds and innkeepers.

78
Q

Who was William Shakespeare?

A

William Shakespeare was an English writer who wrote in his vernacular language. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in England. When he was eighteen he married Anne Hathaway and moved to London. He became an actor and began writing plays.

79
Q

What was the Globe?

A

The Globe was the theatre in which William Shakespeare and the theatre company known as the king’s men. It could hold 3000 people. There was no lighting at the time so plays were put on during the day and in the open air. Shakespeare acted in many of his own plays and was called ‘Will’ by his friends.

80
Q

What were Shakespeare’s plays about?

A

Shakespeare’s plays includes tragedies, histories and comedies.
His characters were often kings, queens and nobles but there were always ordinary people in them as well. He wrote about everyday problems and common mistakes people make in their relationships with others. His plays are still popular today because he rote about human emotions such as love and jealously.

81
Q

Did Shakespeare write anything other than play’s?

A

He wrote over 150 sonnets. They were mostly about love. Some were too a mysterious dark lady. No one is sure who she was.

82
Q

Who played the female roles in plays?

A

Women were not allowed to be actors so the younger boys played the female roles.

83
Q

What was the most common cure for illness during the Middle Ages? Describe it?

A

The most common cure for any illness during the Middle Ages was blood-letting. Doctors cut a persons arm to make it bleed. They believed the bad blood was being let out.

84
Q

What were the new ideas in science during the Renaissance?

A

There were new discoveries in astronomy and medicine.

85
Q

What do doctors in the Middle Ages know a lot about? Off what did they base their ideas about the human body?

A

Herbal medicine. The writings of an Ancient Greek doctor called Galen but Galen had never dissected the human body and many of his ideas were wrong.

86
Q

Why was it difficult for doctors to find out about the human body and how it worked?

A

It was difficult for doctors to learn about the organs of the human body because the church was against the cutting up of body’s and in 1300 the pope banned it.

87
Q

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

A

Andreas Vesalius (1514-64). He was born in Brussels and beach me professor of anatomy at Padua University in Italy, when he was just 23 years old.

88
Q

What was Vesalius known as? Why?

A

Vesalius was known as the father of anatomy because he held public dissections, stole bodies from graveyards that he could dissect and he wrote a book called On the Fabric of the Human Body with 270 drawings of every part of the human body. His wonderful sketches are still used today.

89
Q

What was Galen’s theory about blood? Who disproved this?

A

Galen wrote that blood was burnt up in the body and remade in the liver. William Harvey 1578-1657 an English doctor showed that the heart pumped it around the body and was not burnt up. He developed theories on the circulation of blood.

90
Q

How did William Harvey prove his theory of the circulation of blood?

A

William Harvey’s theory was explained like this:
If you bandage your arm you can see the valves in your veins. Then if you push away from the heart the space between any two particular valves will empty of blood. This proves that the blood is going only one way around the body.

91
Q

What was believed about the sun and planets during the Middle Ages?

A

It was believed during the Middle Ages that the Earth was the centre of the universe and that the sun, moon and stars moved around it. The church supported this theory.

92
Q

Who was Nicholas Copernicus?

A

Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) was a polish priest. Every day he watched the movements of the Earth and stars.

93
Q

For what did Copernicus design a theory?

A

Using mathematics, he worked out that the Earth revolved around the sun and not the other way around. There were no telescopes then however so he could not prove his theory. It would take another 100 years for his theory to be proved.

94
Q

What is astronomy?

A

The study of the universe. Including the sun, moon, stars and planets.

95
Q

Who was Galileo Galilei?

A

Galileo was born in Pisa Italy. He had a great interest in mathematics and he believed that all the laws of nature could be proved by calculation and experiment.

96
Q

What is the law of falling bodies?

A

Galileo is said to have dropped two balls of different weight from the top of the leaning tower of Pisa so as to prove his law of falling bodies which was that all objects fall at the same speed whatever their weight. This did away with old ideas that heavier objects fell faster.

97
Q

What changed with the invention of the telescope? Who invented it? Who improved it?

A

Hans Lippershey invented the telescope in 1608 but Galileo improved his telescope to magnify something thirty two times and Galileo was the first to use it to look at the night sky.

98
Q

With the help of the telescope what did Galileo discover?

A

He saw things no human had seen before. He discovered spots on the sun and mountains on the moon. He saw that Jupiter had four moons moving around it. He realised that Copernicus was right and that the Earth could not be the centre of the solar system. He saw that the sun was the centre of the solar system and that the Earth moved around it.

99
Q

Who banned Galileo’s findings? What did they do when he published his book called Dialogue?

A

The Catholic Church banned his findings because the church believed that the Earth had to be the centre of the universe because it was created by God. When Galileo published his book, he was summoned to Rome by the pope and put on trial. Galileo was afraid he was going to be burnt at the stake and he finally agreed to say he was wrong despite the proof that he was right. The church did not let him write about astronomy after this but Galileo’s ideas still live on.

History (7 decks)

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