Chapter 5: The Dynamic Cell

Question 1

Kinetic Energy

Answer 1

energy of motion

Question 2

Potential Energy

Answer 2

stored energy

Question 3

Laws of Energy or thermodynamics

Answer 3

govern enrgy flow amd help us understand the priciples of energy conversion.

Question 4

Calorie

Answer 4

amount of heat required to raise the tempeture of 1 gram of waster by 1 degree

Question 5

Energy

Answer 5

capacity to do work or to make things happen

Question 6

kilocalories

Answer 6

1000 calories

Question 7

1st law or law of conserbation of energy

Answer 7

energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

Question 8

2nd law

Answer 8

energy cannot be changed from one form to another without loss of usable energy

Question 9

Heat

Answer 9

diffuse energy and least usable form

Question 10

Entropy

Answer 10

refers to releative amount of disorganization

Question 11

Product

Answer 11

metoblic pathway teminate with an with, anything that forms as a results of a chemical reation

Question 11

Adenosine triphoaphate (ATP)

Answer 11

energy currency of cells. cells use to carrie out almost nearly all of its activities

Question 12

reactant

Answer 12

metobolic pathways begin with

Question 13

Enzymes

Answer 13

protein molecules that function as organic catalyst

Question 14

Active site

Answer 14

a small part of the enzyme that accommodates the substrate

Question 15

Subtrates

Answer 15

reactant molecules that the enzyme acts on

Question 16

induced fit model

Answer 16

the active site undergoes a slight change in shape on order to accomadate the substrate

Question 17

Enzyme Inhibition

Answer 17

active enzyme is prevented from combining with it subrtate.

Question 18

feedback

Answer 18

mechanism for regulating metabolic pathways, product is kept within a certain range until binding of the substrate to the enzymes active site reduced (or stops) te activity of the pathway

Question 19

Energy of activation

Answer 19

metobolic speed bumo; limits how fast a reaction can proceed from ractants to products

Question 20

Active transport

Answer 20

moves substances against a concetration gradient (from low to high concentration) and requires both energy

Question 21

Passive transport

Answer 21

no energy required

Question 22

Permeable

Answer 22

a certain substances can freely pass through the membrane, some transported accss and other prohitied from enterin or leaving the

Question 23

Diffusion

Answer 23

modlcules move down their concetration gradient until equilibrium is achieved and they are distributed equally

Question 24

Solution

Answer 24

contains both solute and solvent

Question 25

Solute

Answer 25

substance dissolved in solvent, froming a solution

Question 26

Solvent

Answer 26

liquid portion of a solution that dissolves a solute

Question 27

Facilitated diffuison

Answer 27

occvurs when an ion or moldecule diffuses across a membrane with assistance of a channel protien or carrier protien

Question 28

Osmosis

Answer 28

the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane, form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration: aquaporins allow it to happen

Question 29

Isotonic solutions

Answer 29

the cell neother gains nor loses water, the concetrtation of water is the same on both sides of the membrane

Question 30

Hypotonic solution

Answer 30

cells gain water ouside teh cell, the concentration of solute is less, and the concentration of water is greater, than insdie the cell. animal cells burst, plant cells swell

Question 31

Hypertonic solution

Answer 31

cells loose water, concetration of water is lower than inside the cell. animals cells shrink, plant cells the plasma membranepulls away from cell wall

Question 32

Sodium-potassium pump

Answer 32

carriet protien in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of and potassium ions into animal cells; important ion nerve and muslce cells

Question 33

Exocytosis

Answer 33

digestive enzymes and hormones use molecules transported out of the cell

Question 34

Endocytosis

Answer 34

substances are moved into cell formt eh enviroment by phagocytosis or pincytosis

Question 35

Phagocytosis

Answer 35

cell”eats” moecules by enclosing them in a vesicle, made up of the plasma membrane