Chapter 5 The development of the motor skills and the use of practice methods Flashcards
what are the 3 stages of learning
1st cognitive
2nd associative
3rd autonomous
Cognitive phase of learning
first phase;
1 demonstrations and verbal explanations are very important as the learner tries to form an accurate mental picture of the skill
2 learners should be given guidance as to the important cues to focus on (selective attention)
3 learners use trial and error and should receive positive feedback when successful
Cognitive phase of learning feed back
1 external feedback
2 positive feedback to reinforce successes
3 specific feedback to enable them to correct errors
Associative phase of learning
the second phase of learning, usually longer than cognitive phase some learners never progress beyond this phase:
1 learners begin to eliminate mistakes and errors are fewer and less gross: skills become more consistent
2 motor programmes are developed and subroutines become more coordinated leading to the skill becoming smoother
3 learner begins to use internal/ kinaesthetic feedback and detects some of their errors
Associative phase of learning feedback
the learner is able to utilise more detailed feedback
Autonomous phase of learning
Final phase of learning;
1 after much practice the learner can execute the skill with minimum conscious thought and can focus on other factors; motor programme stored in the long term memory
3 self confidence increases and the learner is able to detect errors and correct them
3 practice needs to be maintained so that the learner does not go back to the associative stage.
Autonomous phase of learning feedback
1 greater use of internal feedback
2 external feedback is used to highlight errors and to maintain improvement
What are the four types of guidance
1 visual
2 verbal
3 manual
4 mechanical
What are the four methods of physical practice?
1 massed
2 distributive
3 fixed
4 variable
Massed method
1 learners practice a skill continuously without any breaks or rest intervals
2 practice sessions are usually long
3 can be used when coach wants to simulate performance conditions where there is an element of fatigue
Distributive method
1 practice sessions have rest intervals included
2 rest intervals allowing time to recover both mentally and physically
3 research has shown this to be the most effective form of practice
Fixed method
1 a specific movement pattern is repeatedly in the same, stable environment
2 allows movement patterns to be overlearned and become habitual
3 sometimes called a skill drill
Variable method
1 a skill is practised in many environments
2 the practice conditions must be as realistic as possible
3 techniques are adapted to suit the environment
Visual Guide
- used at all stages of learning. more effective with cognitive
- demonstration= excellent means of transmitting information
- visual; Diagrams, charts, pictures and models
Manual guidance
involves teacher or coach holding and physically manipulating the body of the learner through the correct pattern of movement.
