Chapter 5 The development of the motor skills and the use of practice methods Flashcards
what are the 3 stages of learning
1st cognitive
2nd associative
3rd autonomous
Cognitive phase of learning
first phase;
1 demonstrations and verbal explanations are very important as the learner tries to form an accurate mental picture of the skill
2 learners should be given guidance as to the important cues to focus on (selective attention)
3 learners use trial and error and should receive positive feedback when successful
Cognitive phase of learning feed back
1 external feedback
2 positive feedback to reinforce successes
3 specific feedback to enable them to correct errors
Associative phase of learning
the second phase of learning, usually longer than cognitive phase some learners never progress beyond this phase:
1 learners begin to eliminate mistakes and errors are fewer and less gross: skills become more consistent
2 motor programmes are developed and subroutines become more coordinated leading to the skill becoming smoother
3 learner begins to use internal/ kinaesthetic feedback and detects some of their errors
Associative phase of learning feedback
the learner is able to utilise more detailed feedback
Autonomous phase of learning
Final phase of learning;
1 after much practice the learner can execute the skill with minimum conscious thought and can focus on other factors; motor programme stored in the long term memory
3 self confidence increases and the learner is able to detect errors and correct them
3 practice needs to be maintained so that the learner does not go back to the associative stage.
Autonomous phase of learning feedback
1 greater use of internal feedback
2 external feedback is used to highlight errors and to maintain improvement
What are the four types of guidance
1 visual
2 verbal
3 manual
4 mechanical
What are the four methods of physical practice?
1 massed
2 distributive
3 fixed
4 variable
Massed method
1 learners practice a skill continuously without any breaks or rest intervals
2 practice sessions are usually long
3 can be used when coach wants to simulate performance conditions where there is an element of fatigue
Distributive method
1 practice sessions have rest intervals included
2 rest intervals allowing time to recover both mentally and physically
3 research has shown this to be the most effective form of practice
Fixed method
1 a specific movement pattern is repeatedly in the same, stable environment
2 allows movement patterns to be overlearned and become habitual
3 sometimes called a skill drill
Variable method
1 a skill is practised in many environments
2 the practice conditions must be as realistic as possible
3 techniques are adapted to suit the environment
Visual Guide
- used at all stages of learning. more effective with cognitive
- demonstration= excellent means of transmitting information
- visual; Diagrams, charts, pictures and models
Manual guidance
involves teacher or coach holding and physically manipulating the body of the learner through the correct pattern of movement.
Mechanical guidance
Involves the use of equipment to help support the learner to help support the learner and shape the skill
Verbal guidance
It is often used in conjunction with visual guidance to direct the learner to them important cues.
