Chapter 1 Skeletal and muscular system Flashcards
Appendicular Skeleton
The bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles that join to the axial skeleton.
Axial skeleton
This forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, spine and rib cage.
Ligament
A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches one bone to another. it binds at the ends of bones together to prevent dislocation
Tendon
A very strong connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone
Skeleton
The bony framework upon which the rest of the body is built.:
- Provides attachments for the muscular system
- carries and protects the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Skeletal muscle
This attaches to and moves the skeleton. it is often termed as striated muscles because it had obvious stripes on it causing by the long muscle fibers of which it is composed.it is also known a s voluntary muscles as they are the only muscles which are under our voluntary control
Joint
A place on the body where two or more bones meet
How many bones are there in the human body?
206
What are bones made of?
Bones are made of:
-collagen fibers which contain minerals mainly, mainly calcium salts.
How many shafts does the long bone consist of and what are their names?
3 shafts one called the diaphysis (middle) and two ends which are both called Epiphysis.
What is at the end of the Epiphysis and what is its purpose?
Articular/Hyaline cartilage, which acts as a cushion to absorb shock and also prevent friction during joint movement.
What is the function of bone marrow?
to generate new blood cells
Diaphysis
the shaft or middle part of a long bone
Epiphysis
the end portion of a long bone
Bone Marrow
Connective tissue found int the spaces inside bone that is the site of blood cell production and fat storage.
Growth plate
Area of growing tissue near the end of the long bones in children and adolescents, often refered to as the epiphyseal plate.When physical maturity is reached the growth plate is replaced by solid bone.
Articular/ hyaline cartilage
A thin layer of glassy-smooth cartilage that is quite spongy and covers the end of bones at a joint.
What are the 3 different class of joint?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
What are the four main features of a synovial joint?
1 ligament: connects bone to bone
2 synovial fluid: to reduce friction between the articular cartilage in the joint
3 Hyaline cartilage: to absorb shock and prevent friction between the ends of the bones in the joint
4 joint capsule: the fibrous capsule helps to strengthen the joint, while the synovial membrane lines the joint and secretes synovial fluid
Joint cavity
a space within a synovial joint contains synovial fluid
Bursa
a flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid that contains a thin film of synovial fluid. its function is to prevent friction at sites in the body where ligaments, muscles, tendons or bones might rub together.
Meniscus
a wedge of white fibrocartilage that improves the fit between adjacent bone ends, making the joint more stable and reducing wear and tear on joint surfaces
pad of fat
A fatty pad that provides cushioning between the fibrous capsule and a bone or muscle.
What are the 5 different synovial joints and where they can be found?
ball and socket joint: hip/ shoulder Hinge joint: Elbow/knee/ankle Pivot: radio-ular/Spine Condyloid: wrist gliding;Spine
Anatomical position
An upright standing position with head, shoulders, chest, palms of hands, hips, knees and toes facing forwards
Anterior
towards the front of the body
posterior
towards the back of the body
Superior
towards the head or upper part of the body
inferior
towards the feet or lower part of the body
medial
towards the middle of the body
Lateral
towards the outside of the body
Flexion of a joint
makes a body part move in a forwards direction from the anatomical position.
Extension of a joint
makes a body part move in a backwards direction (knee only exception, flexion knee moves backwards extension knee moves forwards.)
Horizontal flexion
is when the shoulder joint is already flexed with arm parallel to the ground and the shoulder joint moves to the middle of the body
Circumduction
circumduction of a joint makes a body part move from the anatomical position, describing a cone shape.the joint performing circumduction stays still while the furthest end of the body part moves in a circle.
Pronation
Pronation of the radio-ulnar joint makes the palm move to face backwards or downwards (only occurs at the radio-ulnar joint.)
Supination
Supination of the radio-ulnar joint is with the palm facing forwards or upwards (only occurs at the radio-ulnar joint.) tip: ‘Sup’ination =carrying a bowl of soup
Lateral flexion
Lateral flexion is an anatomical term unique to the spine. it involves bending the spine sideways as you might do as part of a warm up to mobilise your spine.
Dorsiflexion
Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint makes the foot move towards the shin as when you walk on your heels.(only occurs at the ankle joint.)
Plantar flexion
Plantar flexion of the ankle joint makes the foot move away from the shin as when you walk on your tiptoes.(only occurs at the ankle joint.) Tip; ‘P”lantar flexion = p for point
Joints and the movements possible.
1.wrist: flexion and extension
2. radio-ulnar : pronation and supination
3. elbow; flexion and extension
4.shoulder: flexion and extension
Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension
Adduction and abduction
Rotation
Circumduction
5.Spine: flexion and extension
Lateral flexion
6.Hip: flexion and extension
Adduction and abduction
Rotation
7.Knee:flexion extension
8.Ankle:Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
Origin
Point of attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction
Insertion
point of attachment of a muscle that tend to move toward the origin during muscular contraction.
Antagonistic muscle action
As one muscle shortens to produce movement, another muscle lengthens to allow that movement to take place
Agonist muscle
The muscle that is directly responsible for the movement at a joint
Antagonist muscle
the muscle that has an action opposite to that or the agonist and helps in the production of a coordinated movement
Core stability
The ability of your trunk to support the forces from your arms legs during different types of physical activity. it enables joints and muscles to work in their safest and most efficient positions, therefore reducing the risk of` injury
isotonic contraction
Tension is produced in the muscle while there is a change in muscle length. it is a dynamic contraction because the joint will move
Isometric contraction
tension is produced in the muscle but there is no change in muscle length . it is a static contraction because the joint wil stay iin the same position
concentric contraction
A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle shortening while producing tension
Eccentric contraction
A type of isotonic contraction that involves the muscle lengthening while producing tension
muscle fiber
A long cylindrical muscle cell. muscle fibers are held together in bundles to make up an individual skeletal muscle
Slow twitch muscle fibre
Is a type of muscle fiber associated with aerobic work. it produces a small force over a long period of time: high resistance to fatigue. it suited to endurance based activities. e.g. marathon running.
Fast twitch muscle fibre
Is a type of muscle fiber associated with anaerobic work. it produces a large force over a short period of time : low resistance to fatigue. it is suited to power based activities, e.g. power lifting and sprinting.
What are the two different types of fast twitch muscle fibers
- Fast oxidative glycolytic (type 2a/FOG)
- Fast glycolytic (type 2b/FG)
- FOG fibers have a slightly greater resistance to fatigue than FG fibers.
Aerobic exercise
Is performed in the presence of oxygen at a submaximal intensity over a prolonged period of time, e.g rowing
Anaerobic exercise
Is performed in the absence of oxygen at a maximal intensity that can only be sustained for a short period of time due to the buildup of lactic acid, e.g. sprinting
Warm up
Light aerobic exercise that takes place prior to physical activity, normally including some light exercise to elevate the heart rate, muscle and core body temperature, some mobilising exercises for the joints, some stretching exercises fort the muscles and connective tissue and some easy rehearsal of the skills to follow
Cool down
low intensity aerobic exercise that takes place after physical activity and facilitates the recovery process
Effect of a warm up on skeletal muscle tissue
An increase in core body temperature will produce the following effects on skeletal muscle tissue:
- a reduction in muscle viscosity, leading to an improvement in the efficiency of muscular contractions.
- a greater speed and force of contraction due to a higher speed of nerve transmission
- an increased flexibility that reduces the risk of injury due to increased extensibility of tendons and ligaments
Effect of a cool down on skeletal muscle tissue
- an increase in speed of removal of lactic acid and carbon dioxide that raise the acidity levels of the muscle and affect pain receptors due to oxygen rich blood being flushed through the muscle
- a decrease in the risk of DOMS which is the muscular pain experienced 24-28 hours after intense exercise due to microscopic tears in the muscle fibers.
Osteoporosis
weakening of bones caused by a reduction in bone density making them prone to fracture
Sedentary
an inactive lifestyle with little or no exercise
osteoarthritis
A degenerative joint disease caused by a loss of articular cartilage at the ends of long bones in a joint. it causes pain, swelling and reduced motion in your joints
Bone spurs
Are small projections of bone that form around joints due to damage to the joint’s surface, most commonly caused from the onset of osteoarthritis. they limit movement and cause pain in the joint
Joint stability
This refers to the resistance offered by various musculo-skeletal tissue than surround a joint
Muscle tone
The continual state of partial contraction of a muscle that helps to maintain posture.
