Chapter 4 classification of motor skills and abilities Flashcards
skill
the learnt ability to bring about predetermined results with maximum certainty often with the minimum outlay of time or energy or both
Gross
involves large muscle movements where is little concern for precision. for example hammer throwing is a gross skill
Fine
involves intricate movements where there is concern for precision.example the wrist and finger action of a spin bowler.
Open skill
movements that are affected by: the environment; team mates; opponents; playing surface. lots of decisions t be made. they are usually externally paced. for example, shooting a basketball
Closed skill
is not affected by the environment, they are habitual. follows a technical model. they are usually self-paced. for example a gymnastic vault
Continuity skills are split into 3 groups what are they?
Discrete
serial
continuous
Discret skill
have a clear beginning and end. to be repeated this single skill must be started again. for example a gymnastic through vault
Serial
skills that have a number of discrete elements put together in a definite order to make a movement or sequence. example triple jump
Continuous
have definite beginning or end. the end of the one cycle of the movement is the start of the next. examples, cycling and breaststroke
self paced skills
the performer is in control and determines when the movement starts and the rate at which it proceeds. for example a javelin throw.
Externally paced
the control of the movement is not determined by the performer but by the environment (often the opponent). example, for example, receiving a pass in football or hockey or receiving a serve in tennis or badminton
Simple skill
little information to process and few decisions to make. a small number of subroutines involved where speed and timing are not critical. the use of feedback is not significant. example sprinting
Complex
have a high perceptual load leading to many decisions having to be made. the skill will have many subroutines where speed and timing are critical, together with the significant use of feedback. example a tennis serve
Low organisation
made up of subroutines that are easily separated and practised by themselves for example swimming strokes
High organisation
Movement skills where the subroutines are very closely linked together and are very difficult to separate without disrupting the skill. example the golf swing
Why do we classify skills
To tell us:
how to teach skills
how we can improve skills
how we can practice skills
what are the conditions in which skill are learned and practised
1 be the same as those in which it is normally performed
2 determined by the nature of the skill
3 ensure that positive transfer will occur
Positive transfer
one skill helps the learning and performance of another
what practice should you use for the different skills
1 continuous = whole practice
2 discrete = whole/part dependent on the skill
3 serial= part methode / progressive
4 low in organisation = part methode / progressive part method
5 high in organisation = whole method
6 low in complexity = whole method
7 high in complexity = part practice and simplification method
Part practice
working on perfecting isolated subroutines; once the subroutines are perfect they are put back together
Advantages of Part practice
1 reduces the information to be processed and therefore reduces the possibility of overload
2 reduces the complexity and if the skill is dangerous reduces the risk and fear
3 success in the parts of the skill motivates the learner and gives confidence
4good for learning serial skills and skills low in organisation
Disadvantages of Part practice
1 takes longer than other methods
2 transferring the parts back into the whole can sometimes be difficult
3 learners can lose kinaesthetic sense and flow of the skill
Whole practice
the skill is learned in its complete from without being broken down into subroutines or parts
Advantages of Whole practice
1 good for skills hi in organisation or continuous; good for skills low in complexity
2 allows the learner to get the flow and timing (kinaesthesis) of the skill
3 helps the learner understand the movement
4 also can be quicker than other methods
5 good for ballistic skills
Disadvantages of Whole practice
1 not suitable for complex or dangerous skills
Progressive practice
parts o f a complex skill are practised in isolation; they are then linked together to form larger and larger parts before finally becoming the whole skill: learn part 1 -perform part one learn part 2 -perform part 1&2
Advantages of Progressive practice
1 good for complex skills as it reduces the information load
2 good for skills low in organisation
3 good for serial skills
4 helps the flow of the skill and can als help the transfer of subroutines into the whole skill
Disadvantages of Progressive practice
1 not suitable for skills high in organisation
Whole/part whole
1 learner tries the whole skill first to get the fell of the performance
2 teacher identifies the weak parts of the skill and these are practised in isolation
3 once the weak parts are perfected the whole skill is tried again
Advantages of Whole/part whole
1 learner gets the feel for the skill and the flow; this method can be quicker than the part method as only the parts which the learner has difficulty with are practised
Disadvantages of Whole/part whole
not suitable for highly organised skills
What are the characteristics of abillity
1 innate/genetically determined; we are born with abilities which are determined by the genes we inherit from our parents
2 stable and enduring; abilities tended to remain unchanged but can be affected by our experiences and are developed by maturation
3 support, underlie or underpin; each skill usually needs several supporting, underlying or underpinning abilities if we are going to be able to learn the skill effectively
what are the two types of abilities?
1 gross motor abilities
2 psychomotor abilities
Gross motor abilities
also know as physical proficiency abilities. they usually involve movement and are related to physical fitness. example explosive strength
psychomotor abilities
usually involve the processing of information, making decisions and putting these decisions into action. these actions are usually movement. example quick reaction time
How are abilities developed?
are developed during early childhood if children:
1 are given a wide range of experiences
2 are given the opportunity to practice
3 receive expert teaching and coaching
4 have access to facilities and equipment
5 have support of their friends and families who may also be suitable role models
