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Linguistics 100A > Chapter 5: Syntax > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

grammatical

A

an utterance if native speakers judge it to be a possible sentence of their language

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2
Q

syntax

A

component of grammar concerned with the form of grammatical sentences

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3
Q

descriptive syntax

A

describing sentences in terms of their most evident properties, especially the form and linear arrangement of words

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4
Q

formal syntax

A

not just focuses on the form and order of words but also on the way in which they are organized into larger hierarchically arranged units

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5
Q

generative grammar

A

system of rules and operations that can produce the grammatical sentences of a language

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6
Q

MERGE operation

A

combines words to create larger phrases and sentences

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7
Q

MOVE operation

A

can carry an element to a new position within the structure

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8
Q

syntactic categories

A

words grouped together into a small number of classes by the types of meaning the words express, types of affixes they take, type of structures in which they can occur

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9
Q

lexical categories

A

noun (N), verb (V), adjective (A), preposition (P), adverb (Adv)

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10
Q

non lexical / functional categories

A

determiner (Det), auxiliary verb, conjunction, degree word (Deg), have meanings that are harder to define and paraphrase than lexical categories

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11
Q

distribution

A

the type of elements, especially functional categories with which it can co-occur
Ex- nouns typically appear with a determiner, verbs with an auxiliary and adjectives with a degree word in the patterns

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12
Q

phrase structure

A

hierarchical design in which words are grouped together into ever larger structural units (phrases)

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13
Q

head

A

obligatory nucleus around which a phrase is built, four categories which can be the head- noun, verb, adjective, preposition

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14
Q

specifiers

A

have no single semantic function or grammatical category, occur at the edge of a phrase

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15
Q

complements

A

provide information about entities and locations implied by the meaning of the head

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16
Q

sentences

A

largest unit of syntactic analysis is the sentence

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17
Q

constituents

A

syntactic units
The structure of a phrase in the tree structures can be verified using special tests

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18
Q

substitution test

A

one piece of evidence for syntactic units comes from the fact that they can be replaced by an element such as they, he, she, it, do so, etc.
Ex- phrase: [the children] will [stop at the corner] = they always do so

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19
Q

movement test

A

to indicate that a phrase forms a constituent is that it can be moved as a single unit to a different position within the sentence
Ex- they stopped [at the corner] = [at the corner], they stopped

20
Q

coordination test

A

we can conclude that a group of words forms a constituent if it can be joined to another group of words by a conjunction such as and, or or but
Ex- the children will [stop at the corner] and [look both ways]

21
Q

coordinate structures

A

patterns built around a conjunction

22
Q

subcategorization

A

information about a words complement options such as the fact the word devour belongs to a verb subcategory that requires an NP complement

23
Q

transitive

A

when a verbs complement options include an NP (devour, give, buy)
Its NP complement is referred to as the direct object

24
Q

intransitive

A

verbs that don’t have an NP complement (vanish, arrive, dash)
Some verbs can have both transitive and intransitive options

25
Q

complementizers (C)

A

words such as if, whether, that
Formed with a TP

26
Q

inversion

A

the move operation used for yes-no questions
This is used to record the fact that the moved element comes from the head position within TP: t

27
Q

deep structure

A

formed by the MERGE operation

28
Q

surface structure

A

results from applying whatever MOVE operations are appropriate for the sentence in question

29
Q

universal grammar

A

the system of categories, operations and principles shared by all languages

30
Q

parameters

A

the set of options that UG permits for a particular phenomenon

31
Q

Noun (N)

A

name entities- people, place, thing, pronouns

32
Q

Verbs (V)

A

designate actions, sensations and states- run, jump, feel, hurt, remain

33
Q

Adjectives (A)

A

designate a property or attribute denoted by a noun- tall, old

34
Q

Preposition (P)

A

used to link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other words in a sentence- in, at, of, on, buy, with

35
Q

Adverb (Adv)

A

can modify or describe a verb, adj, etc. to show manner, degree, place, time- quickly slowly, today, rarely, annually, here, there

36
Q

Complement (C)

A

words that complete the meaning of a verb, noun, adj, etc.- that, if, whether

37
Q

Determiner (Det)

A

used to modify nouns- this, the, a, an, my, your, his, her, one, etc.

38
Q

Modals (T)

A

used together with the main verb to show possibility, intent, ability, etc.- can, should, may, shall, must

39
Q

Non-modals (V)

A

do not admit the progressive forms- have, see, be

40
Q

Lexical category determination

A

meaning test, inflection test, determination test

41
Q

Meaning test

A

Nouns: entities and locations
Verbs : actions or states
Adjectives: attributes or properties of nouns

42
Q

Inflection test

A

Nouns: plural: -s, possessive: -’s
Verbs: person number: -s, tense: -ed, -en, aspect: -ing
Adjectives: degree: -er, -est

43
Q

Distribution test

A

Nouns: follow determiners- the____
Verbs: follow auxiliaries- will ____
Adjectives: follow degree words- very ____

44
Q

MERGE operation

A
  • Input: words from mental lexicon
  • Combine words according to structure described by X Schema
  • Output: a phrase
45
Q

MOVE operation

A
  • Transport an element to a new position within the sentence
  • Inversion: move T to C (with the T going along with it, leaving a t to show where it was)
    Starts from an assumption (as a result of MERGE) and transforms into a question (result of MOVE):

Linguistics 100A (8 decks)

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