Chapter 2 (2.1-2.5): Phonetics Flashcards
phonetics
The inventory and structure of the sounds of speech
phones
(speech sounds) are finite in any human language
articulatory phonetics
the physiological mechanisms of speech production
acoustic phonetics
measuring and analyzing the physical properties of the sound waves we produce when we speak
International phonetic alphabet (IPA)
used for transcribing the sounds of speech, system that attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol
segments
individual phones
larynx
the sound source
vocal folds
set of muscles
vocal tract
the filter for air
pharynx
tube between the larynx and oral cavity
lungs
the source of moving air
intercostal muscles
muscles between the ribs
diaphragm
sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from abdomen
voiceless
when vocal folds are pulled apart and make practically no sound (f, s)
voiced
when vocal folds are brought close together but not tightly closed, air passing through causes them to vibrate to produce sound (v,z)
whisper
the anterior vocal folds are pulled close together and posterior folds are pulled apart
murmur
(breathy voice) voiced but vocal folds are relaxed to allow air through
natural classes
sounds of language being grouped based on phonetic properties that they share
(Basic division among sounds- vowels & consonants)
glides
share properties of vowels and consonants (semivowel, semiconsonant), rapidly articulated vowels
consonants
made with a obstruction in the vocal tract (blocked or restricted) momentarily
vowels
produced with little obstruction in the vocal tract, more sonorous (acoustically powerful) than consonants
syllables
usually formed by the presence of a vowel (the peak of sonority)
places of articulation
when airflow is modified in the vocal tract by an obstruction
tongue and its 5 areas
primary articulating organ
5 areas: Tip- narrow, in the front
Blade- behind tip
Body- main mass of tongue
Back- hindmost part of tongue
Root- contained in upper part of pharynx
labials
sounds made with closure of the lips
bilabial
made with both lips (ex- p eer, m onth)
labiodental
sounds made with upper teeth and lower lip (ex- f ire, v ow)
dentals
tongue placed against or near the teeth (ex- t emps, d ire, z ero)
interdental
tongue placed between the teeth (ex- th is, th ing)
alveolar ridge
small ridge protruding from behind upper front teeth (ex- t op, d eer, s oap, z ip)
alveopalatal
sharp roof of mouth behind alveolar ridge (ex- sh ow, mea s ure, j u dg e)
palate
highest part of the roof of the mouth
palatals
sounds produced with the tongue on palate (ex- y es)
velum
soft area toward rear of mouth
velars
sounds made w or on velum (ex- c all, g uy, ha ng)
labiovelar
sounds used by velum and lips (w et)
uvula
small flap hanging down from velum
uvulars
sounds made on or with uvula
- English does not have any uvular sounds
pharyngeals
sounds made by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx
Found in dialects of arabic not in english
glottals
sounds produced using vocal folds as primary articulators (h eave, h og)
manners of articulation
the use of the tongue, lips, velum and glottis positioned in different ways to produce sound types
oral phones
velum is raised blocking airflow through nasal cavity
nasal phones
velum is lowered to allow air to pass through nasal cavity (su n, su m, su ng)
stops
complete closure in oral cavity or at glottis (uh-uh, s p an, s t un, n ot)
fricatives
consonants produced with continuous airflow in the mouth (continuants)
affricatives
non-continuant sounds that show a slow release of the closure (ch urch, j ump)
stridents / sibilants
noisier fricatives and affricatives
aspiration
delay in vocalic voicing accompanied by a release of air (pat, tub, cope)
Stops are either aspirated or unaspirated
Unreleased stop: (cap, pot, back)
liquids
special class of consonants, oral sonorous consonants (numerous variants of l and r)
laterals
varieties of l, usually voiced
diacritic
voiceless lateral
retroflex
varieties of r (r ide, ca r)
flap
sound commonly identified with r (bi tt er, bu tt er)
syllabic liquids & nasals
when liquid / nasal sounds make a syllabic nuclei
