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Linguistics 100A > Chapter 4: Morphology > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A

part of grammar referring to words and word formation

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2
Q

word

A

the smallest free form in a language

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3
Q

free form

A

an element that does not have to occur in a fixed position with respect to neighbouring elements

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4
Q

morpheme

A

the minimal linguistic unit which has meaning or grammatical function

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5
Q

root

A

constitutes the core of the word and carries the major component of the meaning, typically belong to a lexical category

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6
Q

lexical category

A

noun, verb, adjective, preposition, etc

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7
Q

affix

A

always bound morphemes

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8
Q

base

A

the form to which an affix is added

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9
Q

prefix

A

an affix that is attached to the front of its base

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10
Q

suffix

A

an affix that is attached to the end of its base

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11
Q

infix

A

an affix that occurs within another morpheme (much less common than pre or suf)

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12
Q

allomorphs

A

the variant pronunciations of a morpheme
ex- [-s], [-z], [-iz] (- plural) of the morpheme: [-s]

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13
Q

Non-concatenative morphology

A

word building does not proceed in a linear sequence (happens in languages such as Tagalog or Arabic)

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14
Q

morphophonemics

A

the effects that can change a words pronunciation including its internal structure
Ex- /s/, /z/, /ez/ for the words lips, pills, judges

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15
Q

derivation

A

uses an affix to build a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base
Ex- sell-er, teach-er, treat-ment

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16
Q

complex derivations

A

words with multiple layers of internal structure
Ex- activation (act-ive-ate-ion)

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17
Q

class 1 of derivational affixes

A

often trigger changes in the pronunciation of the bases consonants and vowels and may affect stress placement

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18
Q

class 2 of derivational affixes

A

tend to be phonologically neutral, having no effect on the segmental makeup of the base or on the stress placement

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19
Q

compounding

A

the combination of 2 already existing words, the resulting compound is most likely a noun, adjective or verb

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20
Q

head

A

the morpheme that determines the category of the entire word

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21
Q

endocentric compounds

A

compound denotes a subtype of the concept denoted by its head (ex- dog-food is a type of food, caveman is a type of man, etc)

22
Q

exocentric compounds

A

the meaning of the compound does not follow the meaning of its parts (ex- redneck is not a type of neck it denotes a type of person, sabre-tooth is not a type of tooth rather a tiger)

23
Q

inflection

A

the modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information of various sorts

24
Q

affixation

A

process of adding an affix to a base

25
Q

stem

A

the base to which an inflectional affix is added to

26
Q

Four criteria used to identify if an affix is inflectional or derivational

A

category change, order, productivity, semantic transparency

27
Q

category change

A

Inflection does not change the syntactic category or the meaning of the base of the word (ex- hearts, worked)
Derivational changes the category or the type of meaning of the form to which it applies (ex- heartless, worker, kingdom)

28
Q

order

A

Derivational affixes must be closer to the base then inflectional affixes (ex- neighbour-hoodDA-sIA)

29
Q

productivity

A

the relative freedom with which they can combine with bases of the appropriate category
Inflectional affixes are typically more productive than derivational affixes (ex- suffix -s can apply to any noun that allows a plural form)
Derivational affixes characteristically apply to restricted classes of bases (ex- -ize can only combine with certain adjectives to form a verb)

30
Q

semantic transparency

A

The contribution of an inflectional affix to the words meaning is usually completely transparent and consistent (ex- adding plural suffix & adding past tense suffix)
In derivational affix it is often not possible to predict the words meaning from its parts (ex- actor is someone who acts but a professor is not someone to professes)

31
Q

case inflection

A

indicates a words grammatical role in the sentence (subject, direct object, etc)
(ex- he is used for subjects, him is used for direct objects)

32
Q

ablaut

A

vowel alternations that mark grammatical contrasts, like the change in vowels to form the past tense of some words (ex- sing-sang, sink-sank)

33
Q

umlaut

A

change that reflects phonologically conditioned alternations from an earlier stage in the languages history (ex- goose-geese, foot-feet)

34
Q

suppletion

A

Replaces a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast (ex- go present tense, went past tense)

35
Q

partial suppletion

A

sometimes treated as an extreme form of internal change

36
Q

reduplication

A

marks a grammatical or semantic contrast by repeating all or part of the base to which it applies

37
Q

full reduplication

A

repetition of the entire base

38
Q

partial reduplication

A

copies only part of the base

39
Q

tone

A

In some languages (not english) tone is used to make the distinction between past and future tense, process called tone placement

40
Q

clitics

A

morphemes that must always be pronounced with another word (known as a host)
ex- I’m, Mary’s, they’re

41
Q

enclitics

A

clitics that attach to the end of their host

42
Q

proclitics

A

clitics that attach to the beginning of the host

43
Q

conversion

A

A process that assigns an already existing word to a new syntactic category
Sometimes referred to as zero derivation
ex- verb derived from a noun: butter (the bread), noun derived from a verb: (a long) run, verb derived from an adjective: dirty (a shirt)

44
Q

clipping

A

A process that shortens a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables
Ex- names: Liz, Rob, Sue, casual speech: prof, psych, burger, general usage: ad, deli, demo, condo

45
Q

blending

A

Creates words from non-morphemic parts of 2 already existing items
Ex- froyo, wi-fi, motel, infomercial, toonie, etc.

46
Q

backformation

A

A process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix from another word in the language
Ex- resurrect, enthuse, donate, self-destruction, etc.

47
Q

acronyms

A

Formed by taking the initial letters of (some or all) the words in a phrase or title and pronouncing them as a word
Ex- organizations or scientific terms: UNICEF, AIDS, recent innovations: ASAP, YOLO, FOMO, BOGO

48
Q

initialisms

A

Different from acronyms
Ex- PEI (prince edward island), USA, DIY, BYOB

49
Q

onomatopoeia

A

Words that have been created to sound like the thing that they name
Ex- buzz, hiss, cuckoo, sizzle

50
Q

coinage

A

When a word may be created from scratch
Common in product names
Ex- Kodak, Teflon, Dacron

51
Q

eponyms

A

new words created from names (ex- watt, fahrenheit, boycott)
Brand names can become so widely known that they are accepted as generic terms (ex- kleenex, google, xerox)

Linguistics 100A (8 decks)

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