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Bio 93: Exam 1 > Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Synthesis (making) of a polymer

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2
Q

How does dehydration work?

A

One polymer : One monomer

  • Water is taken out -

OH from polymer : H from monomer

  • Monomer joins Polymer to make a long polymer
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3
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

Breaking of a polymer

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4
Q

How does hydrolysis work?

A

Water is added to a long polymer

A H from the polymer binds with the OH of the water, making a monomer and breaking off

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5
Q

Carbohydrates are polymers of _______.

A

Sugar

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6
Q

Carbohydrate monomers are ___________.

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Two monosaccharides are called ___________________.

A

Disaccharides

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8
Q

The covalent bind between two monosaccharides is called a _________________.

A

Glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

Carbohydrate polymers are polysaccharides.

There are two types, what are they?

A
  1. Storage Polysaccharides
    • for fuel
    • starch for plan fuel
    • glycogen for animal fuel
  2. Structural Polysaccharides
    • for building material
    • cellulose in plant cell walls
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10
Q

Proteins are polymers of ____________.

A

Amino acids

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11
Q

All protein monomers have an _______ group and a ________ group.

A

Amino, carboxyl

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12
Q

Is glucose soluble in water?

A

Yes, it is hydrophilic

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13
Q

The covalent bond between two amino acids is called a _______________.

A

Peptide bond

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14
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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15
Q

What happens in primary protein structure?

A
  • There’s an amino acid sequence
  • It could contain:
    • hydrogen bond
    • ionic bond
    • van der waals
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16
Q

What happens in secondary protein structure?

A
  • Amino acid sequence either forms:
    • a helix (loop-d-loop)
    • b strand (b pleated sheet)
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17
Q

What happens in tertiary protein structure?

A

The a helix or b stands fold up into a 3D shape

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18
Q

What happens in quaternary protein structure?

A

Two polypeptides come together to make a protein

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19
Q

How is protein structure affected in a sickel-cell hemoglobin?

A
  • One of the amino acids in primary structure is different
  • Different folding in secondary
  • Different shaping in tertiary due to distorted H bonding
  • Hemoglobin clumps up too closely together rather than binding to oxygen
20
Q

Why are lipids not considered polymers?

A

Not composed of chains of repeating subunits

21
Q

What is denaturation?

A

When the protein loses its shape

{$$} –> ~~~~

22
Q

Why does denaturation happen?

A

Change in:

  • pH
  • salt concentration
  • temperature
23
Q

Are denatured proteins functional? Why or why not?

A

No.

The protein’s function depends on its structure

24
Q

What is renaturation?

A

When the denatured protein refolds back into a normal protein

25
Q

What renatures the denatured protein?

A

The Chaperon protein

26
Q

What do nucleic acids do?

A

Store and transmit hereditary info

27
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA

RNA

28
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • 5-carbon pentose sugar
  • Nitrogenous base
29
Q

What are pyrimidines? Which nucleotides are pyrimidines?

A

Compounds that produce RNA and DNA

C T U
{__} {__} {__}

^single ring structures

(cYtosine, thYmine = pYrimidine)

30
Q

What are purines? Which nucleotides are purines?

A

Compounds that produce DNA and RNA

A G
{}{__} {}{__}

^double ring structures

31
Q

Nucleic acids are polymers of ______________.

A

Nucleotides

32
Q

Define polynucleotide

A

Polymer of nucleotides

33
Q

The covalent bind between two nucleotides is called a ______________.

A

Phosphodiester linkage

34
Q

How does base pairing occur? (A to T and C to G)

A

Hydrogen bonding

35
Q

Which base pairs are most stable? A with T or C with G? Why?

A

C with G

They have 3 hydrogen bonds between them, whereas A and T only have 2.

36
Q

Are lipids usually polar or nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic

37
Q

Fats are types of _____.

What are the two types of fat?

A

Lipids

Saturated and unsaturated

38
Q

What are saturated fats?

A
  • Hydrogen is bonded to carbons all the way around
      H    H   H 
       |     |     | 
H - C - C - C - H
       |     |     | 
      H    H   H
  • Has a lot of Van Der Waals to keep it closely packed like a solid
  • eg butter
39
Q

What are unsaturated fats?

A
  • Less hydrogens bonded to carbons, meaning some carbons have double bonds.
      H    H    H 
       |      |     | 
H - C = C - C - H
                     | 
                    H
  • Has less Van Der Waals so it acts more fluid like
  • eg oil
40
Q

Which type of fat would you expect to be more fluid at room temperature?

A. Saturated fat
B. Monounsaturated fat
C. Polyunsaturated fat

A

C.

Polyunsaturated means there’s more than 1 double bond, therefore it’s more fluid.

41
Q

Why is it bad to eat too many saturated fats?

A

They are hydrophobic so they don’t dissolve in water, meaning it can form arterial clumps and blood clots.

42
Q

How are fats absorbed?

A
  1. Broken down into fatty acids by lipase
  2. Fatty acids diffuse through membrane and reformed
  3. Form into chylomicrons
  4. Enter lacteals and carried away by lymph
43
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

Phosphate head with fatty acid tails

44
Q

Is the phospholipid head polar or nonpolar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Polar, hydrophilic

45
Q

Is the fatty acid tail polar or nonpolar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic

46
Q

Cholesterol is a _______.

A

Steroid

47
Q

Where would you expect to find cholesterol?

A

Within the fatty acid tails of the cell membrane.

Cholesterol is hydrophobic, therefore it wants to be with the hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Bio 93: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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