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Bio 93: Exam 1 > Chapter 2-4: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2-4: Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean if two atoms have equal electronegativity?

A

They share electrons evenly

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2
Q

What does it mean if two atoms have unequal electronegativity?

A

They share electrons unevenly

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3
Q

What does it mean if two electrons have extremely unequal electronegativity?

A

They do not share electrons at all

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4
Q

Ionic bonds form between __________.

A

A metal and a nonmetal

Eg, Na and Cl form an ionic bond as Ana donates an electron to Cl.

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5
Q

Why do ionic bonds form?

A

When there is extremely unequal electronegativity.

After the electron has transferred, the positive cation (Na) attracts the anion (Cl).

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6
Q

Covalent bonds form between ________.

A

Two nonmetals

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7
Q

Equal electronegative sharing = ______ covalent bond.

Unequal electronegative sharing = ________ covalent bond.

A

Nonpolar

Polar

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8
Q

Is methane polar or nonpolar?

A 
Nonpolar because of equal sharing 
      H 
       | 
H - C - H 
       | 
      H

No electrons left over

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9
Q

Is H2O (water) polar or nonpolar?

A 
Polar because of unequal sharing 
  ..
\: O - H
   | 
  H

Oxygen has extra electrons leftover

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10
Q

If a compound has:

N, O, F
And H, C

it is ________.

A

Polar

Eg, H2O

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11
Q

If a compound has either:

N, O, F
Or H, C

it is ________.

A

Nonpolar

Eg, CH4

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12
Q

What are the 3 hydrogen bond requirements?

A
  1. H atom covalently bonded to N, O, F on first molecule
  2. H atom covalently bonded to N, O, F on second molecule
  3. The partial S+ of a H atom is attracted to partial S- of N, O, F atom

Eg, water with water, NH3 with HF, not CH4 with water

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13
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Properties that the original complex does not have, but gains as it advances.

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14
Q

What are the 4 emergent properties of water?

A
  1. Cohesion and Adhesion
    • Cohesion: water attracted to water
    • Adhesion: water attracted to other molecules
  2. Moderation of Temperature
    • Water has a high specific heat
  3. Ice is less dense that water
    • Ice has more hydrogen bonds, meaning it has more air, that’s why it floats
    • In water, hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, therefore it is heavier and liquidy
  4. Water is a good solvent
    • This is because water is polar, its partial charges interact with other molecules (such as Na and Cl)
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15
Q

If something is hydrophilic, what does it mean?

A
  1. Water loving
  2. Polar
  3. Ionic compounds
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16
Q

If something is hydrophobic what does it mean?

A
  1. Water fearing
  2. Nonpolar
  3. Nonionic compounds
17
Q

What does an acid do? What is the concentration of H+ in comparison to the concentration of OH-?

A

Increases H+ concentration in a solution
(“Donates H+”)

[H+] > [OH-]

18
Q

What does a base do? What is the concentration of H+ in comparison to the concentration of OH-?

A

Reduces the H+ concentration in a solution
(“Accepts H+”)

[H+] < [OH-]

19
Q

pH = ?

A

-log[H+]

20
Q

Compared to an acidic solution at pH 5, a basic solution at pH 8 has

A. 3 times more hydrogen ions
B. 3 times fewer hydrogen ions
C. 1,000 times more hydrogen ions
D. 1,000 times fewer hydrogen ions

A

D.

Step 1
• 8 - 5 = 3
• 10^3 = 1,000

Step 2
• pH 8 is basic, meaning it has fewer H+ ions

21
Q

When there’s a high pH and low H+ concentration, the solution is ______.

A

Basic

22
Q

When there’s a low pH and high H+ concentration, the solution is ______.

A

Acidic

23
Q

Which functional group is this? What are its characteristics?

  • OH
A

Alcohol/Hydroxyl

  • Polar / Hydrophilic
  • H-Bonding

O is S- and H is S+

24
Q

Which functional group is this? What are its characteristics?

O
||
- C -

A

Carbonyl

  • Polar / Hydrophilic
  • H-Bonding

O is S- and C is S+

25
Q

Which functional group is this? What are its characteristics?

  • COOHO
    ||
  • C - OH
A

Carboxylic acid
(Combo of hydroxyl and carbonyl)

  • Polar / Hydrophilic
  • H-Bonding
26
Q

Which functional group is this? What are its characteristics?

  • NH2
        H 
       /
- N 
       \ 
        H
A

Amino

  • Polar / Hydrophilic
  • H-Bonding

N is S- and H is S+

27
Q

Which functional group is this? What are its characteristics?

  • SH
A

Sulfhydryl

  • Somewhat Polar
28
Q

Which functional group is this? What are its characteristics?

  • OPO3^2-
         O
         ||
- O - P - O
          | 
         O
A

Phosphate

  • Polar / Hydrophilic
  • Ionic bonding
29
Q

Which functional group is this? What are its characteristics?

  • CH3
  H 
   |
- C - H
   |
  H
A

Methyl

  • Nonpolar / Hydrophobic

Bio 93: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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