Chapter 5: Solutions and Aqueous Reactions Flashcards
define solution
homogenous mixture of 2+ pure substances
define solute
component of solution present in the smallest amounts; substance dissolved in solution
define solvent
component of solution present in the largest amount; substance in which other materials disolve in
what is the solvent in an aqueous solution
water is the solvent
for a chemical reaction in an aqueous solution, the reaction takes place between what?
between the solutes that are dissolved in the water
strong electrolyte conductivity
good
week electrolyte conductivity
poor
the ability of a solution to conduct electricity depends on what?
the presence of ions in the solution
what are 2 kinds of nonelectrolytes?
sugars and alcohols
what are acids
molecular compounds that produce (H+) in water
how do salts form?
acids reacting with bases
acidic solutions have what kind of pH
< 7
basic solutions have what kind of pH
> 7
what are the 6 strong acids?
Hydrochloric acid, acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid
what are carboxylic acids
family of weak acids, RCO2H
what are bases
compounds that produce OH- in water
what are 4 common strong bases
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2
what is the most common weak base?
NH3
what are amines?
family of weak bases; derived from ammonia by replacing one or more of the hydrogen atoms of NH3 with carbon containing group
what happens in a precipitation reaction
2 solutions are mixed and an insoluble solid (precipitate) is produced
in net ionic equations, only BLANK are written as ions
strong electrolytes
weak electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, insoluble solids (PPTs), and gases are written in what form?
molecular
binary acids contain..
hydrogen and one other element
how do you name binary acids?
prefix: hydro-
suffix: -ide changed to -ic acid
what are oxoacids?
most common type of acid; contain hydrogen and an oxygen containing polyatomic ion
how to name oxoacids?
take related polyatomic ion name and change the suffix…
-ate changed to -ic acid
-ite changed to -ous acid
arrhenius definition of acid
susbtance that produces H+ when dissolved in water
Arrhenius definition of bas
substance that produces OH- when dissolved in water
gas evolution reaction
salts (carbonates, sulfites, sulfides, some ammonium salts) react with acid to produce gaseous product
concentration
amount of solute in a fixed amount of solvent
molar concentration is also known as..
molarity
molarity formula
moles of substance divided by L of solute
dilution equation
M1V1=M2V2
titrant
solution in the buret
what is equivilance point
neutralization
all oxidation-reduction reactions involve transfers of what?
electrons
oxidation is
loss of electrons
reduction is
gain of electrons
the oxidation number for any lone element is…
0
the ox. number for monotomic ions =
the charge of the monotomic ion
group 1A elements in compounds have what ox. number
+1
group 2A elements in compounds have what ox. number
+2
ox number of Hydrogen and Fluorine
respectively, +1 in compounds with nonmetals, -1 in ALL compounds
ox number for Oxygen
-2 in most compounds
what is the most common oxidizing agent
Oxygen
2nd most common oxidizing agents
Halogens
what 2 families are good reducing agents
alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals
