Chapter 5: Sex hormones, sexual differentiation and the menstrual cycle

Question 1

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 1

stimulates sperm production

Question 2

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 2

controls the testosterone productin

Question 3

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Answer 3

regulates LH levels, works in a feedback loop where it becomes inhibited and exhibited, which is called the HPG axis (hypothalamus- pituitary-gonad axis)

Question 4

Inhibin

Answer 4

another hormone produced by the testes. acts to regulate FSH levels in a negative feedback loop.

Question 5

estrogen (stimulated by LH)

Answer 5

induces changes of puberty, maintaing the mucous membranes of the vagina, and stopping the growth of th bone and muscle

Question 5

estrogen (stimulated by LH)

Answer 5

induces changes of puberty, maintaing the mucous membranes of the vagina, and stopping the growth of th bone and muscle

Question 6

Prolactin

Answer 6

stimulates secretion of milk after giving birth

Question 7

oxytocin

Answer 7

stimulates ejection of milk from the nipples, stimulates contractions of the uterus during birth, promotes affectionate bonding,

Question 8

SRY

Answer 8

sex determining region, y chromosome. Causes the manufacture of a substance called testisdetermining factor (TDF) which mjes the gonads differentiatie into testes

Question 9

cryptorchidism

Answer 9

one or two testes may not descend, if it hasn’t been done before first birthday, has to be corrected by surgery

Question 10

inguinal hernia

Answer 10

can occur if the inguinal canal does not close off completely

Question 11

homologous

Answer 11

when an organ in males and an organ in females both develop from the same embryonic tissue, the organs are homogolous

Question 12

analogous

Answer 12

when the two organs have similar functions

Question 13

Wolffian duct

Answer 13

epododymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

Question 14

mullerian duct

Answer 14

fallopian tubes, uterus, part of vagins

Question 15

gonadal gender

Answer 15

ovaries in females, testes in males

Question 16

intersex condition or disorder of sex development (DSD)

Answer 16

when contradictions occur among several of the biological variables (partly male partly female, or nothing at all)

Question 17

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Answer 17

where a genetic female develops ovaries normally as a fetus, but later in the course of prenatal development, the adrenal gland begins to function abnormally and produces an excess amount of androgens. looks male in appaerance, but function well s women/girls

Question 18

androgen-insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Answer 18

a genetic male produces typical levels of testosterone, but as a result of.a genetic condition, the body tissues are insensitive to the testosterone, and prenatal developm,ent is feminized.

Question 19

menarche

Answer 19

first menstruation

Question 20

leptin

Answer 20

hormone produced by fat tissue related to the onset of puberty

Question 21

kisspeptin

Answer 21

Kisspeptin injections, which stimulate secretion of endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) inducing increased secretion of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland, could be a new treatment for medically assisted reproduction in women and increasing fertility and natural production of testosterone in men

Question 22

adrenarche

Answer 22

time of increasing secretion of adrenal androgens, begins slightly before age 8

Question 23

gynecomastia

Answer 23

breast enlargement may occur in boys, it is cause by small amounts of feminizing sex hormones being produced by the testes

Question 24

estrous cycle

Answer 24

menstrual cycle that dogs and horses have

Question 25

dysmenorrhea

Answer 25

painful menstruation caused by high levels of prostaglandins

Question 26

endometriosis

Answer 26

occurs when the endometrium grows in a place other than the uterus

Question 27

amenorrhea

Answer 27

absence of menstruation

Question 28

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Answer 28

cases in which the woman has a servere combination of physical and psychological problems that occur premenstrually

Question 29

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Answer 29

symptoms include feeling sad or hopeless, tense or anxious, tearfulness, irritability, difficulty concentrating and changes in appetite