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Motor Learning Midterm > Chapter 5- Sensory + Perceptual Contributions > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Sensory + Perceptual Contributions Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

the physical stimulus with its physical properties, registered by specialized sensory organs -> organs decode sensory information, transforming them into neural impulses + sending them to the brain

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2
Q

perception

A

sensory/afferent information is mainly how the brain interprets a sensation -> translates the sensation into something meaningful

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3
Q

what information does motor control rely on to regulate movements

A

sensory (afferent)

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4
Q

**

closed-loop control systems

A

system goal ->
(input) ->
reference mechanism ->
(error) ->
executive level ->
(instructions) ->
effector level ->
(output) ->
environment ->
feedback

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5
Q

**

describe first part of closed-loop control systems

A

we have a goal- system input tells us what I want to do/which choice I am going to make

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6
Q

**

which stages of closed-loop control systems are within the SAME STAGE of PRE-ACTUAL movement (i.e. INFORMATION PROCESSING; just processing the information that was inputted)

A

-reference mechanism
-executive level

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7
Q

**

effector level of closed-loop control systems

A

after I get that information, I am able to send signals to the muscles to exert a force

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8
Q

**

environment stage of closed-loop control systems

A

if I am trying to squeeze + pop a balloon, environment will tell you to exert more force if balloon is still intact

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9
Q

other description of closed-loop control systems

A

after we identify the stimulus, the system (our body) is going to receive + process that information to program instructions ->
instruction goes to the muscles/effectors ->
I am then going to try to reduce the errors I make in the response programming stage; information from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, ears, etc. will all feed back into trying to minimize errors

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10
Q

**

3 sources of sensory information/receptors

A

-exteroceptors
-proprioceptors
-interoceptors

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11
Q

**

exteroceptors

A

provide information about movement of objects in environment; events outside the body

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12
Q

**

propprioceptors

A

provide information about our own movements; events within one’s own body

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13
Q

**

interoceptors

A

provide information about the states of internal organs; pain

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14
Q

what information does vision provide

A

information about movements of objects in the environment + movement of one’s body in the environment

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15
Q

**

2 types of visual streams

A

-ventral
-dorsal

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16
Q

**

ventral stream

A

information that is central to the identification + recognition of objects is vital
-ex: looking for + recognizing a hammer
-specialized to identify objects + conscious perception of environment
-sensitive to what a person is looking at/focusing on
-requires contract, focus, sufficient light
-sends information to inferotemporal cortex -> provides cognitive information about objects in the environment

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17
Q

**

where does ventral stream send information to

A

interotemporal cortex
-provides cognitive information about objects in the environment

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18
Q

**

dorsal stream

A

attuned to information about how we control our motor system to interact with an object
-ex: picking up a hammer
-visual input is full field; doesn’t require focus
-seems to operate even in low light
-sends information to posterior parietal cortex -> provides information for the visual control of movement/action

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19
Q

**

where does dorsal stream send information to

A

posterior parietal cortex
-provides information for visual control of movement/action

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20
Q

**

optic ataxia brain injury

A

patient is able to recognize object but unable to use same visual information to guide hand accurately to object
-patients can use ventral stream but not dorsal stream

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21
Q

**

which stream does optic ataxia brain injury affect

A

dorsal
-patient can only use ventral stream

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22
Q

**

visual agnosia disorder

A

patient is unable to recognize common objects but could use visual information to grasp objects accurately
-patients can use dorsal stream but not ventral stream

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23
Q

**

which stream is affected in visual agnosia disorder

A

ventral stream
-patients can still use dorsal stream

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24
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

the line connecting the 2 inward-pointing arrows appears to be longer than the line connecting the 2 outward-pointing arrows though the 2 lines are the same length

-environment (lines on outisde) affect how the lines inside are perceived

-MULLER ARROW

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25
Q

Ponzo illusion

A

the horizontal line closer to the apex of the slanted lines appears longer than the line farther from the apex, even though the 2 lines are the same length

-the environment (lines on outside) affect how the lines on the inside are percieved

-PONZO PYRAMID

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26
Q

horizontal-vertical illusion

A

the vertical line appears longer than the horizontal line, even though the 2 lines are the same length

-THINK LITERALLY A HORIZONTAL + VERTICAL LINE

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27
Q

Ebbinghaus-Titchener illusion

A

the circle in the middle appears larger when surrounded by smaller circles than when surrounded by larger circles, even though the middle circles in both figures are the same size

-THIS IS THE ONE WITH THE CIRCLES

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28
Q

____ creates perception bias

A

environment

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29
Q

what is applied to our head when our body moves

A

acceleration

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30
Q

what tells us how our body is oriented in space in terms of vertical alignment/standing upright

A

we have receptors in our ears -> vestibular system

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31
Q

**

vestibular system

A

sensory system responsible for providing our brain with information about our motion, head position, + spatial orientation
-also involved with motor functions that allow us to keep our balance, stabilize our head/body during movement, + maintain posture

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32
Q

where are the main components of vestibular system found

A

inner ear
-vestibular labrynth

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33
Q

what is vestibular labyrinth continuous with

A

cochlea

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34
Q

what is contained within vestibular labyrinth

A

semicircular canals

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35
Q

semicircular canals

A

3 tubes each situated in a plane in which the head can rotate
-each canal can detect 1 of the following head movements- nodding up/down, shaking side to side, tilting left/right

36
Q

what are semicircular canals filled with

A

a fluid called endolymph

37
Q

describe movement of endolymph

A

when head is rotated it causes movement of endolymph through the canal corresponding to that plane of movement

38
Q

where does endolymph flow to

A

an expansion of the canal called AMPULLA, which has hair cells that serve as sensory receptors of vestibualr system

39
Q

ampulla

A

has hair cells that serve as sensory receptors of vestibular system

40
Q

stereocilia

A

a collection of small hairs at top of each hair cell

41
Q

what causes movement of stereocilia

A

movement of endolymph

42
Q

what occurs from movement of stereocilia

A

release of neurotransmitters that send information about the plane of movement to the brain

43
Q

what type of organs are in the vestibular system

A

otolith organs

44
Q

otolith organs

A

detect forward/backward movements + gravitational forces

45
Q

2 otolith organs in vestibular labyrinth

A

-utricle
-saccule

46
Q

utricle

A

detects movement in horizontal plane

47
Q

saccule

A

detects movement in vertical plane

48
Q

otoconia

A

crystals of calcium carbonate

49
Q

describe how hair cells detect movement

A

within utricle + saccule, hair cells detect movement when otoconia (crystals of calcium carbonate) shift in response, leading to movement in layers below the otoconia + displacement of hair cells

50
Q

The Moving Room

A

-3-sided room with walls that could be moved without moving the floor; even with no mechanical effect of the wall, there was loss of balance
-the moving walls changed optical flow (the patterns we are used to)
-moving wall forward made subject feel like they were falling forward, so they compensated by falling backwards even though the wall physically had nothing to do with them

51
Q

who conducted The Moving Room

A

Lee + Aronson

52
Q

closing eyes makes balance easier or harder

A

harder
-removes visual feedback

53
Q

focusing on an object makes balance easier or harder

A

easier

54
Q

**

what influences the role of vision during walking/running

A

optical flow

-ex: using a split-belt treadmill, optical flow can enhance learning rate during adaptation

55
Q

what information does vision provide

A

information about how to accommodate action, + is influenced by how fragile an object appears to be

-ex: you lift your leg more to maximize clearance of an object
-bigger object = lift leg higher
-react more to something fragile like a wine glass than you would to a block of wood

56
Q

action-specific perception

A

relative body size can influence one’s perception of the width of a door

57
Q

how is vision used for locomotion

A

used to locomote through the environment safely + efficiently

58
Q

**

auditory or visual information is processed faster

A

auditory

59
Q

spike

A

another term for action potential

60
Q

interspike interval (ISI)

A

the time in between action potentials

61
Q

interneuron

A

completely oriented with the spinal cord within CNS
-inhibit/excite the interaction between afferent/efferent signals

62
Q

how much if the CNS is interneurons

A

99%

63
Q

efferent neuron

A

projects from spinal cord to muscle

64
Q

other names for efferent neuron

A

-alpha motor neuron
-somatic motor neuron

65
Q

afferent neuron

A

conveys sensory information to CNS from stimuli in periphery

65
Q

example of afferent neuron

A

nociceptors or free nerve endings indicating noxious stimuli

66
Q

**

dorsal root ganglion

A

where sensory information enters INTO

67
Q

**

ventral root ganglion

A

where efferent neurons travel OUT through

68
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensors that provide proprioceptive information about movement of the body

69
Q

**

muscle spindles

A

-provides rapid feedback about changes in muscle length
-tells us about muscle stretch

-attaches to CT in muscle; arranged parallel with muscle fibers

70
Q

primary muscle spindles

A

1a afferents
-tells us about rate of change in muscle stretch
-stretching a muscle leads to an increase in discharge of APs from 1a afferents

71
Q

secondary muscle spindles

A

2a afferents
-tells us about absolute change in stretch

72
Q

**

Golgi tendon organs

A

1b afferents
-tells us about muscle force/tension production
-GTOs only have afferent/sensory connections
-arranged in series with muscle fibers
-each motor unit can engage 1-6 GTOs

73
Q

smaller intervals beween APs/spikes = less/more force

A

more force

74
Q

describe rate that GTOs discharge APs in relation to muscle force

A

linear

75
Q

what tells us about muscle FORCE/TENSION

A

GTOs

76
Q

what tells us about muscle STRETCH

A

muscle spindles

77
Q

**

GTOs regulate muscle force/tension via which type of system

A

negative feedback system

-increased GTO leads to excitation of 1b inhibitory interneuron -> inhibits alpha motor neuron of agonist muscle + excites alpha motor neuron of antagonist muscle

78
Q

reflexive closed-loop control

A

-says reflexes are non-conscious mechanisms, meaning we don’t have to go all the way up to the brain to make a movement response
-the information goes up to the brain eventually, but it takes a few milliseconds to do so; reaction occurs before the brain is even aware of it

79
Q

Dewhurst experiment

A

-shows muscle mechanisms by looking at EMG that tells us how far off we are from the target we have for a particular movement
-shows that processing takes some time BUT you can see that the arm automatically responds to the load that has been added

80
Q

reflexes

A

-fast, automatic
-no cognitive processing
-protect bodily harm

81
Q

feedforward motor control

A

-a strategy that our neuromuscular systems implement so we can get our body ready for movement + feedback for controlling movement
-it readies the system for what is about to happen but also readies the system for feedback from the movement

82
Q

corollary discharge

A

advance information
-synonymous with efference copy

83
Q

efferent copy

A

advance information
-synonymous with corollary discharge

84
Q

what are saccades implemented for

A

implemented for using visual feedback
-we can look + plan ahead to where body is going to end up in space to ensure it is safe

Motor Learning Midterm (9 decks)

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