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Geology > Chapter-5 Sediments and Surface Transfers > Flashcards

Chapter-5 Sediments and Surface Transfers Flashcards

1
Q

are fragmented materials that originate from weathering and erosion of rocks or unconsolidated deposits, and are transported by, suspended in, or deposited by water

A

Sediments

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2
Q

soil material subsequently transported away from its source, mostly by water

A

Sediments

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3
Q

is essentially the erosional environment (source of sediment)

A

The Land

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4
Q

is essentially the depositional environment (sediment is buried beneath subsequent layers)

A

The Sea

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5
Q

Sedimentary materials:

A

Sandstone
Clay
Limestone

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6
Q

mineral grains (mostly quartz, muscovite), rock fragments and volcanic debris

A

Sandstone

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7
Q

– breakdown products, organic debris mainly dominated by plant material

A

Clay

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8
Q

organic debris dominated by marine shell debris, dominantly calcite solutes from sea water due to biological activity

A

Limestone

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9
Q

– movement of sediments

A

Sediment Transport

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10
Q

– how sediments are collected and added to a landform or landmass

A

Sediment Deposition

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11
Q

is far the most important agent of sediment transport, followed by wind and ice.

A

Water

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12
Q

– when suspended in water, coarser debris have lower velocities than finer debris.
Water’s ability to transport sediment depends on its velocity

A

Stoke’s law

Note:Larger particles can only be moved by faster flows
Therefore, sediment is sorted during water transport

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13
Q

works on the steeper slopes producing landslides and colluvium (loose unconsolidated soil in hillsides)

A

Gravity

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14
Q

moves only fine particles

A

Wind

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15
Q

transports are powerful, but restricted by climate

A

Ice

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16
Q

may blast debris over limited distances

A

Volcanic Activity

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17
Q

Types of Sediment Transport:

A 
Water
Stoke's Law
Gravity
Wind
Ice
Volcanic Activity
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18
Q

sorted and stratified, mostly sand and clay. Mostly forms alluvium and lake sediments

A

Water on Land

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19
Q

final destination of most sediment. Sorted and stratified in beds. Turbidity currents carry sediments into deeper basins

A

Sea

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20
Q

– unsorted debris dumped in the melt zones of glaciers

A

Ice

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21
Q

Types of Sediment Deposition

A

Water on land
River Deposition
sea
Ice

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22
Q

the process by which a weak, loose sediment is turned into a stronger sedimentary rock. Also known as diagenesis in geology and consolidation in engineering.

A

Lithification

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23
Q

three main processes of lithification:

A

COMPACTION
CEMENTATION
CRYSTALLIZATION

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24
Q

– restructuring and change in grain packing, with decrease in volume due to burial pressure, with consequent reduction of porosity as water is squeezed out.

A

Compaction

25
Q

the filling of the inter-granular pore spaces by deposition of a mineral cement brought in by circulating ground water.

A

Cementation

26
Q

– small scale solution and deposition of mineral, so that some grains become smaller and some become larger. Similar to cementation, but results are stronger mosaic texture.

A

Crystallization

27
Q

– formed by weathering processes that break down rocks into pebble, sand, or clay particles by exposure to wind, ice, and water (moving fluids) aka Detrital Rocks

A

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

28
Q

– formed by chemical reactions and precipitation of different elements dissolved in water, chiefly in the ocean aka Chemical Rocks

A

Non-clastic Sedimetary Rocks

29
Q

– composed of rounded gravel, pebbles, cobbles, or boulders along with similar rock pieces

A

Conglomerate

30
Q

– similar to conglomerate except its gravel, pebbles, cobbles or boulders have a sharper, angular shape

A

Breccia

31
Q

–composed of sand

A

Sandstone

32
Q

composed of silt

A

Siltstone

33
Q

composed of clay-sized particles (smaller than 4 micrometers in diameter)

A

Shale

34
Q

– composed of the mineral calcite, may contain or may be made of marine fossils, formed by precipitation from water

A

Limestone

35
Q

Clastic Sedimentary rocks:

A 
Conglomerate
Breccia
Sandstone
Siltstone
Shale
36
Q

– composed of sodium and chlorine, formed by evaporation. Also known as rock salt

A

Halite

37
Q

– composed of gypsum, formed by evaporation

A

Rock Gypsum

38
Q

– composed of microscopic mineral grains of quartz, very hard with sharp edges

A

Chert

39
Q

Non-Clastic Sedimentary Rocks:

A

Shale
Halite
Rock gypsum
Chert

40
Q

Types of Sedimentary Structures

A 
Stratification/Bedding
Cross-Bedding
Graded Bedding
Ripple Marks
Mud Cracks
Fossils
41
Q

refers to the way sediment layers are stacked over each other, and can occur on the scale of hundreds of meters, and down to submillimeter scale. It is a fundamental feature of sedimentary rocks.

A

Stratification

42
Q

are large scale reflection of transport of gravel and sand by currents that flow over the sediment surface (river channels). Sediment is moved up and eroded along a gentle up-current slope, re-deposited on the down current slope

A

Cross-Bedding

43
Q

when the grain size within a bed decreases upwards. Commonly associated with turbulent suspension flows, they are initiated by slope failure, or earthquake that triggers down slope movement of sediment.

A

Graded Bedding

44
Q

are produced by flowing water or wave action, similar to cross-bedding, only on a smaller scale

A

Ripple Marks

45
Q

form when a water rich in mud dries out on the air.

A

Mud cracks

46
Q

when remains of a number of biologically-created organisms exist in a sedimentary structure

A

Fossils

47
Q

Types of Fossils

A

BODY FOSSILS – contain the actual organism remain

TRACE FOSSILS – contain geological records of a biological activity (footprint, burrows, imprints)

48
Q

SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENTS (Depositional environments):

A 
Continental
Transitional
Marine 
Evaporite
Glacial
Volcanic
49
Q

Continental Depositional environment:

A

Alluvial
Aeolian
Fluvial
Lacustrine

50
Q

Transitional Depositional Environment:

A

Deltaic
lagoonal
Beach

51
Q

Marine Depositional Environment:

A

Shallow Water Marine
Deep water Marine
Reef

52
Q

– is loose, unconsolidated environment which has been eroded, reshaped by water into another form and re-deposited in a non-marine setting

A

Continental Alluvial (Alluvium, Alluvial Fan)

53
Q

– similar to alluvial fan, but deposition is via action of wind. Also known as dunes.

A

Continental Aeolian (Eolian)

54
Q

processes associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them.

A

Continental Fluvial

55
Q

– water localized in a basin, surrounded by land apart, may or maybe connected by any river or other outlet. Also known as lakes

A

Continental Lacustrine

56
Q

– landform formed at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake or reservoir. Generally characterized by deposits of sediments.

A

Transitional Deltaic (River Delta)

57
Q

– similar to lacustrine environment, except that it is a shallow body of water and it is separated from a larger body of water by small landmasses, barrier islands or reefs.

A

Transitional Lagoonal

58
Q

– landform along the coast of an ocean, sea or lake, or river.

A

Transitional Beach

Geology (5 decks)

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