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Geology > Chapter-3 Mineralogy > Flashcards

Chapter-3 Mineralogy Flashcards

1
Q

are naturally occurring, solid earth materials formed by geologic processes.

A

Minerals

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2
Q

– is composed of atom, the smallest part of a chemical element that can take part in a chemical reaction or combine with another atom.

A

All matter- including rocks, minerals, water etc.

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3
Q

are atoms of the same (atomic number) with different neutrons in the nucleus (variable atomic mass number)

A

Isotopes

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4
Q

Isotopes that are unstable and undergo nuclear decay (spontaneously change and emit nuclear radiation) are called

A

Radioisotopes

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5
Q

A mineral is formally defined as an element or a chemical compound that must:

A
  1. Be naturally-formed. (Excludes human-made diamonds)
    1. Normally be a solid. (Excludes fluids)
    2. Have a characteristic chemical formula
    3. Have a characteristic crystalline structure
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6
Q

substance composed of two or more elements that can be represented by a chemical formula

A

Compounds

note:Minerals can either be elements or compounds

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7
Q

Mineral Indetification

A

Chemical Composition

Physical Characteristics

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8
Q

attraction between atoms, sharing of electrons or both

A

Chemical bond

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9
Q

sharing of electrons (diamond)

A

Covalent bond

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10
Q

attraction of negatively and positively charged ions, more soluble, dissolves usually in water (halite, Na+, Cl-)

A

Ionic bond

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11
Q

weak attraction between chains of ions that themselves are bonded by stronger covalent/ionic bonds (graphite)

A

Van der Waals bond

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12
Q

– attraction between metal atoms (gold)

A

Metallic bond

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13
Q

Minerals that include the elements silicon Si and oxygen O in their chemical composition
Most abundant of the rock-forming minerals

A

Silicates

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14
Q

Form of silicon dioxide SiO2, one of the most abundant silicates in the crust of the earth
Fractures conchoidally (similar to shells)
Colorless/clear, some may contain impurities
Harder than glass

A

Quartz

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15
Q

are aluminosilicates, containing Si, O, Al, in combination with K, Na or Ca in a network of Si-O tetrahedra
Constituting 60% of the crust
Commercially important in the ceramics and glass industries

A

Feldspars

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16
Q

2 major types of Feldspars

A

Alkali feldspar (contains K) and Plagioclase feldspar (contains Na or Ca)

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17
Q

-minerals are group of silicates where Si and O combine with Fe and Mg.
Not very resistant to weathering, they tend to be altered or removed from their location relatively quickly.

A

Ferromanganesian Minerals

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18
Q

Three groups of Fe-Mg minerals:

A

Olivine – formed from magma solidification
Pyroxene – formed from pure Fe-Mg substituting for each other
Amphibole – double-chained Si-O tetrahedra

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19
Q

are minerals that contain the oxide anion O2- bonded to one or more metal ions.

A

Oxides

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20
Q

Types of oxides:

A

Hematite – contains iron Fe2O3
Bauxite – mixture of several aluminum oxides
Magnetite – contains iron Fe3O4 and a natural magnet

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21
Q

Contains the carbonate ion CO3,2-

Major constituent of limestone and marbles.

A

Carbonates

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22
Q

are minerals with a dominant halide (halogens, Group 17) anions F-, Cl-, Br-, I-

A

Halides

23
Q

Most common halide is ?

A

Table Salt (NaCl) also known as halite

24
Q

Minerals containing sulfur anion S2-

Always associated with environmental degradation.

A

Sulfides

25
Q

Minerals containing the sulfate ion (SO4,2-) within their structures

A

Sulfates

26
Q

Minerals containing phosphate anion (PO4,3-) along with vanadate, arsenate, chorine, fluorine and hydroxide anions

A

Phosphates

27
Q

Minerals formed of a single element, such as gold, silver, copper, diamond (carbon)
They have long been sought as valuable minerals

A

Native Element Minerals

28
Q

Physical Characteristics of a minerals are identified through?

A 
Color
Streak
Luster
Density
Hardness
Cleavage
Fracture
29
Q

is the perception when different wavelengths of visible light are incident upon the eye.

A

Color

30
Q

are minerals that exhibit coloration that is directly related to its chemical composition

A

Idiochromatic Minerals

31
Q

are minerals that exhibit coloration due to presence of an impurity, foreign element or a defect in its lattice structure

A

Allochromatic Minerals

32
Q

is the color of a mineral substance when it has been ground to a fine powder

A

Streak

33
Q

refers to the way light is reflected from the mineral.

A

Luster

34
Q

Two types of Luster:

A

Opaque has high rate of light absorption (20-50% reflection of incident light)
Transparent permits passing of lights into it (5-20% reflection of incident light)

35
Q

Two categories of mineral luster:

A

Metallic and Nonmetallic

36
Q

reflect light very poorly and do not shine.

A

Dull/earthy Luster

37
Q

possesses a sheen resembling that of resin, with refractive index greater than 2.0

A

Reisnous Luster

38
Q

appears iridescent, opalescent or pearly

A

Pearly Luster

39
Q

appears to be covered with a thin layer of oil

A

Greasy Luster

40
Q

occurs when light is reflected off of an aggregate of fine parallel fibers

A

Silky Luster

41
Q

occurs in minerals with predominant ionic bonding and resembles the reflective quality of a broken glass

A

Vitreous Luster

42
Q

are highly dispersive and translucent, has a sparkling reflection of diamond

A

Adamantine or Brilliant Luster

43
Q

is the level of difficulty with which a smooth surface of a mineral specimen may be scratched.

A

Hardness

44
Q

is the tendency of minerals to split along a definite structural planes, usually in planes where there are weaker bond strengths

A

Cleavage

45
Q

Quality of a cleavage:

A 
Eminent
Perfect
Distinct
Difficult
Imperfect
Indistinct
46
Q

cleavage occurs readily; difficult to prevent from occurring

A

Eminent

47
Q

– cleavage breaks easily, exposing continuous, flat surfaces which reflect light

A

Perfect

48
Q

implies that cleavage surfaces are present, although they are marred by fractures or imperfections

A

Distinct

49
Q

occurs when a mineral is split in a direction which does not serve as a plane of perfect or distinct cleavage

A

Fracture

50
Q

Types of fractures:

A

Conchoidal
Irregular/uneven
Hackly

51
Q

results in a series of smoothly curved concentric rings about a stressed point, producing a shell-like appearance

A

Conchoidal Fracture

52
Q

fracture results in a rough, rugged surface

A

Irregular/Uneven Fracture

53
Q

describes a fractured surface with multiple small, sharp and jagged irregularities.

A

Hackly Fracture

Geology (5 decks)

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