Chapter-2 Historical Geology

Question 1

Study of changes to earth and life in time and space.

Answer 1

Historical Geology

Question 2

Types of ages

Answer 2

Relative Time (Relative Age)
Absolute Time (Absolute Age)

Question 3

Measurement of time using comparison methods.

Answer 3

Relative Time ( Relative Age )

Question 4

Measurement of time using actual numbers.

Answer 4

Absolute Time ( Absolute Age )

Question 5

Measuring Earth’s Relative Age

Answer 5

Use of Rocks

Use of faults to determine relative rock age layers abd the order in which event happened

Question 6

Measuring Earth’s Absolute age

Answer 6

Radioactive Dating

Half-life

Question 7

The breaking down of atoms to form different isotopes of the same element or completely new element.

Answer 7

Radioactive Dating

Question 8

The amount of time it takes for half of the original atoms to decay.

Answer 8

Half-life

Question 9

Fundamental Theories of Historical Geology

Answer 9

Uniformitarianism

Catastrophism

Question 10

Suggested that the landscape developed over long periods of time through a variety of slow geologic and geomorphic processes.

Answer 10

Theory of Uniformitarianism

Question 11

Theory proposed by James Huttonin 1785, which was based only on natural history, which was later expanded by Charles Lyell in the 1830s.

Answer 11

Theory of Uniformitarianism

Question 12

Lyell’ uniformitarianism propositions, according to Reijer Hooykas in 1963

Answer 12

Uniformity of Law
Uniformity of Methodology
Uniformity of kind
Uniformity of Degree

Question 13

Laws of nature are constant across time and space.

Answer 13

Uniformity of Law

Question 14

Appropriate hypotheses for explaining the geological past are those with analogy today.

Answer 14

Uniformity of Methdology

Question 15

Past and present causes are all of the same kind, have the same energy, and produce the same effects.

Answer 15

Uniformity of Kind

Question 16

Geological circumstances have remained the same over time.

Answer 16

Uniformity of Degree

Question 17

Theory that says: The idea that the Earth has been affected by sudden, short-lived, violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope.

Answer 17

Theory of Catastrophism

Question 18

First popularized by Georges Cuvier on the 19th century, which proposed that new life forms had moved from other areas after local floods.

Answer 18

Theory of Catastrophism

Question 19

Geological epochs had ended woth violent and sudden natural catastrophes such as great floods, formation of major mountain chains or asteroid impact.

Answer 19

Theory of Catastrophism

Question 20

formerly Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) extinction event, about 66 million years ago

Answer 20

Cretaceous-Paleogene Event

Question 21

a large planetismal somehow impacted the early earth, blew out rocky debris, remelted it and formed the moon , about 4.5 billion years ago.

Answer 21

Giant Impact Theory

Question 22

distinct surface between two unlike bodies of rocks.

Answer 22

Contact

Question 23

single layer/bed of rock

Answer 23

Startum

Question 24

multiple layers/beds of rocks

Answer 24

Strata

Question 25

Study of Strata

Answer 25

Stratigraphy

Question 26

a body of rock with distinctive structure that is bounded by contacts

Answer 26

Formation

Question 27

Locations or proportions where rocks are exposed at the earth’s surface

Answer 27

Outcrop/Exposure

Question 28

Formulate by Nicolaus Stenoin 1669, a Danish physician, to help him make sense of the rocks of Tuscany, Italy and the various objects contained within them.

Answer 28

Fundamental Principles of Historical Geology

Question 29

In any undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is younger than the one below it and older than the one above it.

Answer 29

Steno’s Law of Superposition

Question 30

Sedimentary rocks are horizontal because yhe original sediments were horizontal.

Answer 30

Steno’s Law of Original Horizontality

Question 31

Starta originally extended in all directions until they thinned to zero at their edges of deposition. Therefore, matching strata on opposite sides of a valley, or continent can be correlated.

Answer 31

Steno’s Law of Lateral Continuity

Question 32

Invading igneous rock is always younger than the rock it intrudes.

Answer 32

Steno’s Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

Question 33

Similar to the intrusive relationships, it states that the fault is younger than the rock itself.

Answer 33

Steno’s Law of Intrusive Relationships

Question 34

gaps in the geologic taht may indicate episodes of crustal deformation, erosion, and sea level variations.

Answer 34

Unconformity

Question 35

Types of Uncoformities

Answer 35

Angular Inconformities
Disconformities
Nonconformities

Question 36

are those where an older package of sediments has been tilted, truncatedby erosion, and than a younger package of sediments was deposited on this erosion surface.

Answer 36

Angular Unconformity

Question 37

an erosion surface between two packages of sediment, but the lower package of sediments was not tilted prior to deposition of the upper sediment package.

Answer 37

Disconformities

Question 38

are unconformities that separate igneous or metamorphic rocks from overlying sedimentary rocks.

Answer 38

Nonconformities

Question 39

Paleozoic era – age of invertebrates

Answer 39

Cambrian period
Ordovician period
Silurian period
Devonian period
Carboniferous period
Permian period

Question 40

Mesozoic era – age of dinosaurs & reptiles

Answer 40

Triassic period
Jurassic period
Cretaceous period

Question 41

Cenozoic era – age of mammals

Answer 41

Tertiary period

Quaternary period