Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Unit 3 & 4 > Chapter 5 -Responding to Antigens and acquiring immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 5 -Responding to Antigens and acquiring immunity Flashcards

Memorise

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain what an antigen is

A

Antigens are substances that cause/stimulate an immune response
- classified as ‘self’ or ‘non-self’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the difference between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’

A
  • all nucleated cells have MHC 1 markers that indicate if they’re self or non-self
  • all immunce cells have MHC 1 and MHC 2 markers which differentiate from self and non-self, if they’re non self, immune cells are set to kill them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the difference between MHC 1 and MHC 2 self markers

A

MHC 1 markers are for all nucleated cells
MHC 2 markers are for specific immune cells
If immune system cells recognise them as non-self it triggers the adaptive immune response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain what a pathogen is

A

Biological agents that cause infectious diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain the difference between pathogens and antigens

A
  • Pathogens are microbes that can infect the body
  • Antigens are parts of a pathogen that can alert the immune response to an infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the 6 main types of pathogen

A

Bacterium, Virus, Protist, Fungi, Parasites, Prions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Compare infection and disease

A
  • Infection is when the pathogen enters the body and starts to trigger the immune response
  • Disease is when the infected start to damage cells in the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the difference between cellular and non-cellular pathogens

A
  • Cellular pathogens are living before entering the body and are able to produce independently
  • Non-cellular are only living when there is a host cell present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the cellular pathogens

A
  • Bacteria
  • Parasites
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the non-cellular pathogens

A
  • Viruses
  • Prions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

State which pathogens are extracellular and which are intracellular when they infect the body

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain how viruses damage cells

A
  • replicate only within the host cell
  • viruses cause disease by killing the host cells and taking over by using cells as a ‘factory’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain cell lysis

A

The breakdown of a cell when the plasma is damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain what happens to virally infected cells

A
  • Virus takes over body cells to make more virus
  • release of cell lysis
  • infected host cell will explode as the plasma membrane disintegrates and viral particles are released into extracellular fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain how bacteria cause disease

A

When bacteria multiply in areas where they are not usually found, they can cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Compare allergens and antigens

A

Antigen - any substance that causes an immune response
Allergen - Any antigen that causes an allergic reaction, e.g pollen and food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Outline what an allergic response is

A

An immune reaction to an antigen substance that would not cause an immune response in most people.
- inflammatory response from the histamine in mast cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the role of a mast cell, with clear reference to an allergic response

A
  • found in tissues that cause an immediate inflammatory response
  • Mast cells release a higher amount of ‘mediators’ causing an allergic reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe 3 different types of physical barriers

A

intact skin - any unbroken skin
nasal cavity - nostril and mucus trap microorganisms
mouth cavity - mucus membrane traps microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe 3 different chemist barriers

A

Sweat, mucus, tears, saliva - lysozyme enzyme kills the pathogen
stomach acid - kills pathogens
urethra - urine flow prevents bacteria growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain how microbiological barriers in animals can prevent infection

A

natural bacteria present in the body - non-pathogenic bacteria in regions of the body inhibit the growth of pathogenic microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe 2 different physical barriers in plants

A

Cuticle wax covering prevents penetration of pathogens
Thick bark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe 2 different chemical barriers in plants

A

Formation of gall tissues containing the infective agent to prevent spread to other areas
Antimicrobial antifungal compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain how waxy layers prevent the entry of pathogens

A

Covers the cuticle and makes difficult entry to avoid penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain how thick bark prevent the entry of pathogens

A

The thicker layer makes it harder for pathogens to make their way through and infect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how galls prevent the entry of pathogens

A

Traps the pathogen in one area and prevents it from travelling to other parts of the plant

8
Q

Explain how antimicrobial antifungal compounds prevent the entry of pathogens

A

Killing or stopping the growth of dangerous fungi in the body before entry

9
Q

Describe the innate immune response

A

The body system that helps resist infection and disease through specialised cells

10
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis

A
  1. entrance through the plasma membrane
  2. enters the phagosome (phagocyte vesicle)
  3. Digestive enzyme is released
  4. remains the partially digested microbe
  5. indigestible material is released out of the cell
11
Q

List the main phagocytes in the immune response

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

12
Q

Compare the roles of macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells

A

Macrophages - the big eaters that eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis
Neutrophils - first to the site and engulf the pathogen
Dendritic cells - engulf and destroy cells by phagocytosis

12
Q

State where mast cells are located and what they contain

A
12
Q

Describe the role of eosinophils and how they perform this role

A
  • Assist with killing the larger parasitic agents
  • they have granules with toxic chemicals and histamine which are released playing in the allergic response process
13
Q

Describe the role of natural killer cells and reference how they destroy virally infected cells

A
14
Q

State what complement proteins are

A
15
Q

Describe the three ways complement proteins can help to remove pathogens

A
16
Q

State where interferons are made

A
17
Q

State 3 effects that interferons can have on neighbouring cells

A
18
Q

Explain how interferons can prevent the spread of viruses

A
18
Q

State how APCs present antigens and which cells they are presented to

A
19
Q

Explain the initial response from helper T cells when they are presented with an antigen specific to their receptors on an MHC II marker

A
20
Q

Explain the inital response from Cytotoxic T cells when they are presented with an antigen specific to their receptors on an MHC II marker AND cytokines from helper T cells

A
21
Q

State where antigen presentation occurs

A
22
Q

Why is it important for there to be a site for antigen presentation?

A
23
Q

Outline the function of the lymphatic system

A
24
Q

List the main features of the lymphatic system

A
25
Q

List the primary lymphoid organs

A
26
Q

List the secondary lymphoid organs

A
27
Q

Describe both the structure and function of lymph nodes

A
28
Q

Describe how the lymphatic system acts as a transport network for immune cells

A
29
Q

Describe the key features of the adaptive immune response

A
30
Q

Outline the humoral and cell-mediated parts of the adaptive immune response

A
31
Q

Describe the key concepts and function of the humoral adaptive response

A
32
Q

Outline how the humoral immune response removes body cells infected by viruses (or cancerous)

A
33
Q

Draw and label the structure of an antibody

A
34
Q

Describe 5 ways that antibodies can neutralise pathogens

A

P
I
A
N
O

35
Q

Describe the difference between natural and artificial immunity

A
36
Q

Describe the differences between active and passive immunity

A
37
Q

State the 2 ways in which natural immunity can develop

A
38
Q

State the 2 ways in which artificial immunity can develop

A
39
Q

State the two ways in which passive immunity can develop

A
40
Q

State the 2 ways in which active immunity can develop

A
41
Q

Describe the three stages of inflammation, including the role of various cells and proteins

A

Biology Unit 3 & 4 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions