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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 5: Reasearch Methods of Biopsychology > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Reasearch Methods of Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Vestibular function can be assessed by assessing a patient’s reaction to

A

Cold water flushed in the ear

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2
Q

The ironic case of Professor P. makes the point that

A

Many research methods of biopsychology are used in clinical settings

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3
Q

Which contrast X-ray technique is designed to locate vascular abnormalities in the brains of human patients?

A

Cerebral angiography

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4
Q

Which of the following is a contrast X-ray technique?

A

Angiography

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5
Q

A computed tomography (CT) scam of the human brain is usually presented as a series of eight or nine

A

Horizontal sections

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6
Q

Which of the following procedures is not an adaptation of X-ray photography?

A) computed tomography
B) MRI
C) CT
D) angiography

A

MRI

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7
Q

Which of the following provides the most detailed three-dimensional view of the structure of the living human brain?

A) CT
B) PET
C) angiography 
D) EEG
E) MRI
A

MRI

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8
Q

Positron emission tomography is a valuable research tool because it

A

Provides an image of brain function

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9
Q

A patient is sometimes injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose before

A

Positron emission tomography

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10
Q

The reason why radioactive 2-DG is useful for revealing the level of activity of neurons in different parts of the brain is that 2-DG

A) is absorbed by neurons in relation to their level of activity
B) is metabolized by neurons in relation to their level of activity
C) is not metabolized by neurons

A

Both A and C

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11
Q

Functional MRI generates images of increases to areas of the brain of

A

Oxygenated blood flow

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12
Q

Which technique records the BOLD signal?

A

fMRI

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13
Q

Functional MRI requires the injection of radioactive

A) water
B) glucose
C) 2-DG
D) oxygen

A

None of the above

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14
Q

Which method provides structural and functional information about the living human brain on the same image?

A

Functional MRI

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15
Q

Which of the following is a method used by cognitive neuroscientists to turn off part of the brain while the effects on cognition and behaviour are assessed?

A) 2-DG
B) ERP
C) TMS
D) PET
E) EEG
A

TMS

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16
Q

Unlike brain-imaging techniques, TMS permits the study of _________ between human cortical activity and cognition

A

Causal relations

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17
Q

An electroencephalograph is

A

An EEG machine

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18
Q

In human patients, EEG activity is commonly recorded directly from

A

The scalp

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19
Q

Alpha wave EEG activity is associated with

A

Relaxed wakefulness

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20
Q

Which of the following biopsychologists would most like,y to study cortical ERPs in human volunteers?

A) a neuropsychologist 
B) a psychophysiologist 
C) a physiological psychologist 
D) a psychopharmacologist
E) a comparative psychologist
A

A psychophysiologist

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21
Q

Signal averaging is commonly used in the recording of ERPs because it reduces the magnitude of

A

Random signals

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22
Q

The main difference between an average evoked potential (AEP) and a “raw” evoked potential is that

A

A raw evoked potential is often unobservable amidst the random noise of the ongoing EEG signal

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23
Q

The P300

A

is an EEG wave that often occurs after the presentation of a momentary stimulus meaningful to the volunteer

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24
Q

The signals in the first few milliseconds of the average auditory evoked potential

A) always originate next to the scalp electrode
B) are far-field potentials
C) originate in the sensory nuclei of the brain stem

A

Both B and C

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25
Q

Components of the AEPs recorded in the first few milliseconds after a stimulus are

A

Not usually influenced by the meaning of the stimulus

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26
Q

Which of the following technique measures changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the brain?

A) MRI
B) fMRI
C) MEG
D) EMG
E) EEG
A

MEG

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27
Q

MEG records

A

Changes in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp

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28
Q

Muscle tension is monitored by

A

Electromyography

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29
Q

Electrooculography is

A

A method of estimating eye movement

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30
Q

Electrooculography is a technique for monitoring

A

Eye movement

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31
Q

In electrooculography, how many electrodes are typically used to monitor the movements of one eye?

A

4

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32
Q

If you were startled by a loud noise, there would be an increase in your skin’s conductance of electricity. This response is called

A

A skin conductance response

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33
Q

Which gland or glands directly influence the SCL and the SCR?

A

Sweat glands

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34
Q

Which of the following is a record of a person’s heart beat?

A) electrocardiogram
B) ECG
C) EKG

A

All of the above

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35
Q

Hypertension is

A

Chronic high blood pressure

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36
Q

The level of 130/70 mmHg is

A

A healthy human blood pressure

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37
Q

Which of the following have traditionally been used by physicians to measure blood pressure?

A) sphygmomanometers
B) plethysmographs
C) oscilloscopes
D) electrodes
E) ERPs
A

Sphygmomanometers

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38
Q

Penile erection is

A

A plethysmographic response

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39
Q 
Stereotaxic surgery in human patients typically requires
A) a stereotaxic atlas
B) a stereotaxic instrument
C) a head holder
D) an electrode holder
A

All of the above

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40
Q

The method by which the experiment devices are accurately positioned in subcortical structures of human patients and animal subjects is

A

Stereotaxic surgery

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41
Q

Bregma is

A) the point of intersection between two major skull sutures
B) a common reference point for rat stereotaxic brain surgery
C) a naughty word
D) a type of electrode holder

A

Both A and B

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42
Q

The reference point for many stereotaxic atlases of the rat brain is

A

Bregma

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43
Q

Unlike subcortical lesions, cortical lesions are often make by

A

Aspiration

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44
Q

Which of the following brain lesion techniques is least like,y to be associated with damage to major blood vessels?

A

Aspiration lesions

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45
Q

The _________ created by the current is the main cause of tissue damage produced by a radio-frequency lesion

A

Heat

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46
Q

Reversible brain lesions, if properly done,

A

Produce no permanent neural damage

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47
Q

Cooling can be used to produce a functional or reversible brain lesion because

A

It can temporarily suppress neural activity in a particular area of the brain without damaging the brain

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48
Q

A temporary or reversible lesion can be produced by

A

Cooling the target brain structure or injecting an anesthetic into it

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49
Q

Reversible lesions can be produced by microinjection directly into the target brain structure of a

A

Local anesthetic such as lidocaine

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50
Q

Lesions that are commonly referred to as amygdala lesions often

A) damage neural structures ofter than the amygdala
B) do not destroy the entire amygdala
C) damage prefrontal cortex

A

Both A and B

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51
Q

Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain are called

A

Unilateral lesions

52
Q

Lesions restricted to structures on one half of the brain usually have effects that are much less severe than do comparable

A

Bilateral lesions

53
Q

Intracellular unit recording is particularly difficult in

A

Freely moving animals

54
Q

Unlike other electrophysiological methods of recording neural activity, intracellular unit recording provides measurements of

A

The membrane potential

55
Q

Extracellular unit recording provides information about

A) the magnitude of the membrane potential
B) the wave form of action potentials
C) EPSPs

A

None of the above

56
Q

Multiple-unit signals are typically
A) recorded through microelectrodes
B) recorded through electrodes that are larger than microelectrodes
C) integrated, or added together, to facilitate their interpretation

A

Both B and C

57
Q

In laboratory animals, cortical EEG signals are commonly recorded through

A

Stainless steel skull screws

58
Q

IP, SC, and IM are all

A

Routes of drug administration

59
Q

Drugs that do not penetrate the blood brain barrier can be administered to particular neural structures

A

Through stereotaxically positioned cerebral cannula

60
Q

Both ibontenic acid and kainic acid

A) are neurotoxins
B) destroy neurons whose cell bodies are at the top of an intracerebral cannula, while leaving axons passing through the region undamaged
C) are selective dopamine agonists
D) are selective dopamine antagonists

A

Both A and B

61
Q

The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) selectively destroys

A

Neurons that release dopamine or norepinephrine

62
Q

A method of identifying all of the brain areas of a laboratory animal that were particularly active during a behavioural test is

A

The 2-deoxyglucose technique

63
Q

The final stage of the 2-deoxyglucose technique involves

A

Autoradiography

64
Q

A method of measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals in particular sites in the brains of active laboratory animals is

A

Cerebral dialysis

65
Q

Cerebral dialysis is a method of

A

Measuring changes in the extracellular concentrations of various neurochemicals at particular sites in the brains of active animals

66
Q

Which of the following is a technique for locating particular proteins in the brain?

A) immunocytochemistry
B) the 6-OHDA technique
C) in situation hybridization

A

Both A and C

67
Q

Which of the following procedures employs labeled antibodies?

A) immunocytochemistry
B) in situation hybridization
C) cerebral dialysis
D) electroencephalography

A

Both A and B

68
Q

In immunocytochemistry, the labeled ligand is

A

An antibody

69
Q

Immunocytochemistry is to institute hybridization as

A

Antibody is to messenger RNA

70
Q

Knockout mice are mice that

A) have had a concussion
B) are susceptible to concussion
C) have amnesia

A

None of the above

71
Q

Which of the following is a weakness of the gene knockout technique as a method of

A) most behavioural traits are influenced by many interacting genes
B) elimination of one gene often influences the expression of other genes
C) the effects of some gene knockouts are likely to depend on experience

A

All of the above

72
Q

Melanopsin knockout mice have difficulty

A

Adjusting their circadian rhythms in response to changes in the daily light-dark cycle

73
Q

Transgenic mice always process

A

Genes of another species

74
Q

Green fluorescent protein

A) was first isolated from a species of jelly fish
B) fluoresces when exposed to blue light
C) has been used to visualize neurons on a few plants, but not yet in animals

A

Both A and B

75
Q

The brainbow technique

A) is an extension of the green fluorescent protein technique
B) is a technique for labeling neurons in an animal different colours so that each can be traced
C) has not yet been applied to neural tissue in multicellular animals

A

Both A and B

76
Q

The behavioural paradigm normally includes a method for

A) producing the behavioural phenomenon under investigation
B) measuring the behavioural phenomenon under investigation
C) recording brain activity

A

Both A and B

77
Q

The main difference between neurologists and neuropsychologists is that

A

Neuropsychologists tend to focus on the assessment of complex behavioural problems

78
Q

Neuropsychological assessment is useful because it can

A) assist diagnosis
B) influence treatment
C) be the basis for effective counseling

A

All of the above

79
Q

Before the 1950s, neuropsychological testing usually employed the

A

Single-test approach

80
Q

The primary purpose of the single-test and standardized-test-battery approaches to neuropsychological testing was to

A

Identify brain-damaged patients

81
Q

The modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing typically begins with a

A

Battery of tests

82
Q

Tests used in the modern customized-test-battery approach to neuropsychological testing

A) are often specifically designed to measure aspects of psychological function that have been spotlighted by modern theories and data
B) often focus on the cognitive strategies explored by the patient, rather than on just how well the patient does
C) often require skilled practitioners for their prescription, administration, and interpretation

A

All of the above

83
Q

Many current neuropsychological assessments begin with the

A

WAIS

84
Q

The digit-span test is a common test of

A

Short-term memory

85
Q

On the digit-span test, most people score about

A) 65%
B) 85%
C) 50%
D) 100%

A

None of the above

86
Q

Which of the following is a test of language ability that employs objects of two shapes, two sizes, and five different colours?

A

Token test

87
Q

Which of the following WAIS subtests is part of the Performance Scale?

A) Picture Completion
B) Digit Symbol
C) Block Design
D) Object Assembly

A

All of the above

88
Q

Which of the following subtests of the WAIS involves cartoon drawings?

A) Object Assembly
B) Picture Arrangement
C) Colouring
D) Similarities
E) Digit Span
A

Picture Arrangement

89
Q

The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are tests of

A

Language lateralization

90
Q

In the sodium amytal test, injections are sequentially made into the left and right

A

Carotid arteries

91
Q

In the sodium amytal test, an injection into the carotid artery contralateral to the dominant hemisphere for speech renders the patient completely mute for

A) 50 seconds
B) 2 minutes
C) 4 minutes
D) 30 minutes

A

None of the above

92
Q

In the conventional dichotic listening test of language lateralization, on each trial

A

Three pairs of digits are presented

93
Q

Memories that are demonstrated by improved performance in the absence of any conscious awareness of the memories are called

A

Implicit memories

94
Q

Repetition priming tests are tests of

A

Implicit memory

95
Q

Brain damage may produce selective language deficits associated with the sounds, grammar, or meaning of language. In other words, they may disrupt

A

Phonology, syntax, or semantics, respectively

96
Q

Dyslexia is a difficulty in

A

Reading

97
Q

A common neuropsychological test of frontal-lobe damage is the

A

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

98
Q

Most cognitive neurospecific research is based on the assumption that

A) complex cognitive processes result from the combination of simple constituent cognitive processes
B) each constituent cognitive process is mediated by activity in a particular area of the brain
C) almost all constituent cognitive processes tend to be localized sub cortical stuctures

A

Both A and B

99
Q

If a PET image is recorded while a patient is reading, many areas of activity on the PET image will have nothing to do with the cognitive activity of reading per se. That is why cognitive neuroscientists often use

A

The paired-image subtraction technique

100
Q

A network of brain structures that tends to be active when a person sits quietly and lets their mind wander has been termed the

A

Default mode network

101
Q

In most PET and functional MRI studies of cognitive processes, the signal-to-noise ratio is increased by

A

Signal averaging

102
Q

Which of the following is a commonly studied species-common behaviour?

A) copulating
B) nest building
C) grooming
D) swimming

A

All of the above

103
Q

The open-field test is usually conducted in

A

A large, empty chamber

104
Q

In the open-field test, a high bolus count is frequently used as an indicator of

A

Fearfulness

105
Q

In the open-field test, thigmotaxia is often used as a measure of

A

Fearfulness

106
Q

If a rat with its hair erect, moves sideways towards another rat and then pushes against it, the

A

First rat is likely a dominant male displaying social aggression

107
Q

In rats, boxing (rearing up and pushing with the forepaws) is usually a sign of

A

Defence against conspecific attack

108
Q

The elevated plus maze is a commonly used test of

A) balance
B) learning
C) memory

A

None of the above

109
Q

The elevated plus maze is commonly employed to study

A

Anxiety or defensiveness in studies of anxiolytic drugs

110
Q

Normally, a male rat cannot intromit unless

A

The female first displays lordosis

111
Q

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of male rat sexual behaviour?

A) number of mounts required to achieve an intromission
B) number of intromissions required to achieve an ejaculation
C) duration of the interval between an ejaculation and the reinitiation of mounting

A

All of the above

112
Q

Which of the following is a commonly used measure of the sexual receptivity of female rats?

A) postejaculatory interval
B) mount frequency
C) lordosis quotient
D) number of intromissions to ejaculation
E) number of ejaculations to intromission

A

Lordosis quotient

113
Q

During conventional Pavlovian conditioning, the conditional stimulus is repeatedly presented just before the

A

Unconditional stimulus

114
Q

In operant conditioning paradigms, the rate of a voluntary response is increased by _________ and decreased by _________

A

Reinforcement; punishment

115
Q

The self-stimulation paradigm is

A

An operant conditioning paradigm

116
Q

In most self-stimulation paradigms, laboratory animals

A) press levers or perform other operant responses to obtain reinforcement
B) receive electrical stimulation through implanted electrodes
C) receive punishment for inappropriate self-stimulation

A

Both A and B

117
Q

The first time a wolf rat encounters a food it has never tasted before, it usually displays

A

Neophobia

118
Q

Cancer patients sometimes develop conditioned taste aversions in response to their

A

Chemotherapy

119
Q

The discovery of conditioned taste aversion challenged the

A) principle of equipotentiality
B) belief that temporal contiguity is necessary for conditioning
C) the engram theory of memory

A

Both A and B

120
Q

The radial arm maze is commonly used to study

A

Foraging for food

121
Q

Most radial arm mazes have

A

8 or more arms radiating out from a central starting area

122
Q

In the typical radial arm maze, rats tend to orient themselves on the basis of

A

External room cues

123
Q

The Morris water maze is commonly used to study

A

Spatial ability in rats

124
Q

The typical Morris water maze

A

Is circular

125
Q

If a rat receives a single painful stimulus from a small object in a test box containing commercial bedding material, the rat will usually investigate the object and then

A

Bury it

126
Q

Antianxiety (anxiolytic) drugs tend to reduce the amount of

A) conditioned taste aversion
B) time spent in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze
C) self-stimulation
D) conditioned defensive burying

A

Both B and D

127
Q

Intracellular unit recording is not commonly used in biopsychological research because

A

It is very difficult to keep the tip of a microelectrode inside a single neuron in a moving subject

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