Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behavior > Chapter 4: Neural Conduction & Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Neural Conduction & Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
The Brain flashcards
1
Q

“Reptilian stare is sometimes used to describe the widely opened, unblinking eyes and motionless face of

A

Parkinson’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dopamine is not an effective treatment for Parkinson’s disease because

A

Dopamine does not readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parkinson’s disease is treated with

A

L-DOPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A membrane potential is the difference in electrical charge between

A

The inside and outside of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The tips of intracellular recording electrodes are

A) About the size of a neuron
B) Too small to be seen with the naked eye
C) Less than one thousandth of a millimeter in diameter

A

Both B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At rest,

A) a neuron has a membrane potential of about -70 mV
B) the electrical charge outside the neuron is 70 mV less than inside the neuron
C) a neuron is polarized

A

Both A and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In its resting state, a neuron is said to be

A

Polarized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Salts in solution separate into positively and negatively charged

A

Ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Outside the membranes of resting neurons, there are many more

A

Na+ ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Na+ ions are encouraged to move into neurons by

A

Electrostatic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which of the following is a passive force that acts to encourage Na+ ions to enter resting neurons?

A) random motion, which tends to move ions down their concentration gradients
B) electrostatic pressure, which forces ions down their electrostatic gradients
C) sodium-potassium pumps, which distribute Na+ and K+ ions equally

A

Both A and B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ions pass through the neural membrane via specialized pores called

A

Ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Na+ ions are continuously forced into neurons by

A) their high internal concentration
B) their high external concentration
C) the negative resting potential

A

Both B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sodium-potassium pumps maintain the resting membrane potential by transporting

A) Na+ ions into neurons
B) K+ ions into neurons
C) Na+ ions out of neurons

A

Both B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

According to the theory of Hodgkin and Huxley,

A

K+ ions continuously leak out of a resting neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contributing to the unequal distribution of ions on either side of a resting neural membrane,

A

Are sodium-potassium pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sodium-potassium pumps are

A

Transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

EPSPs are

A) graded responses
B) postsynaptic responses
C) transmitted decrementally
D) depolarization

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A change in the resting potential of a postsynaptic dendrite from -70 mV to -72 mV is called

A

An IPSP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hyperpolarization is to depolarization as

A

Inhibitory is to excitatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IPSP is to EPSP as

A

Hyperpolarization is to depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The transmission of postsynaptic potentials is

A) active
B) decremental
C) extremely rapid

A

Both B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How far do most postsynaptic potentials travel before they die out?

A

No more than a couple of millimeters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which of the following are membrane potentials?

A) EPSPs
B) IPSPs
C) APs

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Action potentials originate at the

A

Axon initial segment, adjacent to the axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A neuron normally fires when

A

The degree of depolarization on the axon adjacent to the hillock exceeds the threshold of excitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

APs are said to be all-or-none: this means that all APs

A

In a particular neuron are the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Another word for “integration” is

A

“Summation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

There are three kinds of spatial summation and

A

Two kinds of temporal summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Action potentials are produced by the

A

Opening of voltage-activated sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

During an action potential, the change in membrane potential associated with the influx of sodium ions triggers the

A

Opening of potassium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The end of the rising phrase of an action potential occurs when the

A

Sodium channels close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

After a neuron fires, the resting potential is re-established by the

A

Random movement of ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The brief period of time immediately after the initiation of an action potential when it is absolutely impossible to initiate another one in the same neuron is called the

A

Absolute refractory period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The wave of absolute refractoriness that follows an action potential

A

Keeps the action potential from spreading actively back along an axon towards the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Neurons do not normally fire more than 1,000 times per second because

A

The absolute refractory period is typically about 1 millisecond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Conduction of action potentials along an axon is

A

Nondecremental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Active conduction is to passive conduction as

A

APs are to EPSPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The conduction of an action potential along any axon is mediated by the action of

A

Voltage-activated ion channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Conduction of APs from the axon into the cell body and dendrites of a multipolar neuron is

A

Antidromic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Action potentials can be conducted

A) actively
B) passively
C) orthodromically
D) antidromically

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Conduction of action potentials in myelinated axons

A

Is faster than in unmyelinated axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In large myelinated human motor neurons, impulses travel at about

A

60 meters per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

With respect to the maximum speed of axonal conduction in motor neurons, cats are to humans as

A

100 is to 60 meters per second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Neurons without axons do not

A

Generate action potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In neurons without axons, conduction occurs entirely in the form of

A

Passive, decrementally conducted potentials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Axodendritic synapses

A

Always terminate on dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Prevalent in the cytoplasm of most terminal buttons are

A) nuclei
B) mitochondria
C) synaptic vesicles

A

Both B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Nondirected synapses

A) involve the release of neurotransmitter molecules diffusely into the extracellular fluid
B) include string-of-beads synapses
C) involve the movement of neurotransmitter molecules across gap junctions

A

Both A and B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Both presynaptic facilitation and inhibition are mediated by

A

Axoaxonic synapses

51
Q

Neurotransmitter are often stored in

A

Synaptic vesicles

52
Q

Neurotransmitter molecules are often packaged in vesicles by

A

Golgi complexes

53
Q

Neuropeptides are synthesized in the cell body on

A

Ribosomes

54
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters (i.e., neuropeptides) are synthesized in the cell body and

A

Transported in vesicles along microtubules to the buttons

55
Q

Vesicles travel from the cell body to the buttons

A) on action potentials
B) along microtubules
C) at a rate of 40 centimetres per second
D) at a rate of 40 centimetres per day

A

Both B and D

56
Q

Neuropeptides are transported in vesicles from the cell body to the buttons at a speed of about

A

40 centimetres per day

57
Q

Many buttons contain two sizes of vesicles; the larger ones typically contain

A

Neuropeptides

58
Q

Many neurons contain and release two neurotransmitters. This situation is called

A

Coexistence

59
Q

The process of neurotransmitter release is referred to as

A

Exocytosis

60
Q

The release of neurotransmitter molecules from buttons is often triggered by

A

An influx of calcium ions

61
Q

Once released, neurotransmitter molecules typically produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by

A

Binding to postsynaptic receptors

62
Q

A ligand of acetylcholine is a substance that

A

Binds to acetylcholine

63
Q

Ionotropic receptors are linked to

A

Ligand-activated ion channels

64
Q

Metabotropic receptors are linked to

A

Signal proteins and G proteins

65
Q

When a small-molecule neurotransmitter molecules binds to an ionotropic receptor, the

A

Associated ion channel opens or closes

66
Q

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors

A) are more prevalent
B) produce longer lasting effects
C) produce effects that are more diffuse
D) produce effects that take longer to develop

A

All of the above

67
Q

In comparison to ionotropic receptors, metabotropic receptors generally produce

A

Longer lasting effects

68
Q

In comparison to metabotropic receptors, ionotropic receptors produce effects that

A) are less diffuse
B) develop more rapidly
C) are more enduring

A

Both A and B

69
Q

Second messengers can

A) be synthesized in response to activation of metabotropic receptors
B) influence metabolic activities of the cell
C) induce IPSPs or EPSPs
D) bind to DNA to influence protein synthesis

A

All of the above

70
Q

Second messengers are formed in the

A

Postsynaptic neuron

71
Q

Autoreceptors are commonly found in

A

Presynaptic membranes

72
Q

Autoreceptors of a neuron are sensitive to the neuron’s own

A

Neurotransmitter

73
Q

Which of the following are thought to play a role in reducing excessive neurotransmitter release?

A) dendritic receptors
B) autoreceptors 
C) dendritic spines
D) postsynaptic receptors 
E) somatic receptors
A

Autoreceptors

74
Q

Which of the following is currently thought to be a valid general principle of synaptic transmission?

A) each neuron releases only one neurotransmitter
B) each neurotransmitter acts on only one receptor subtype
C) all receptors are in postsynaptic membranes
D) all neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft

A

None of the above

75
Q

After release, most neurotransmitters are deactivated by

A

Reuptake

76
Q

After release, neurotransmitters are deactivated in the synapse by

A) reuptake
B) enzymatic degradation
C) G proteins

A

Both A or B

77
Q

There is only one neurotransmitter that is known to be deactivated in the synaptic cleft by enzymatic degradation; this neurotransmitter is

A

Acetylcholine

78
Q

The one enzyme whose function is to deactivate a specific neurotransmitter once it has been released into the synapse is

A

Acetylcholinesterase

79
Q

Neurons recycle

A) neurotransmitter molecules that have been drawn back into the terminal buttons after being released
B) the breakdown products of neurotransmitter molecules that have been degraded in the synapse by enzymes
C) vesicles that have been integrated into the button membrane during exocytosis

A

All of the above

80
Q

Glial cells have been shown to

A) release chemical transmitters
B) contain receptors for neurotransmitters
C) conduct signals
D) influence synaptic transmission

A

All of the above

81
Q

Recent technological developments have led to the discovery of _________ throughout the mammalian brain; they seem to link the activities of inhibitory interneurons of the same type

A

Gap junctions

82
Q

Which of the following are considered to be small-molecule neurotransmitters?

A) neuropeptide transmitters
B) monoamine neurotransmitters
C) amino acid neurotransmitters

A

Both B and C

83
Q

Which is considered to be the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

A

GABA

84
Q

Which is considered to be the most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS?

A

Glutamate

85
Q

Glycine, aspartate, and glutamate are

A) amino acid neurotransmitters
B) small-molecule neurotransmitters
C) transmitters at fast-acting, directed synapses
D) building blocks of proteins

A

All of the above

86
Q

Monoamines are divided into two groups:

A

Catecholamines and indolamines

87
Q

Which neurotransmitters are often released from string-of-beads axons?

A

Monoamines

88
Q

Which of the following is not a monoamine?

A) acetylcholine 
B) dopamine
C) epinephrine 
D) serotonin 
E) norepinephrine
A

Acetylcholine

89
Q

Which of the following are synthesized from tyrosine?

A) monoamines
B) indolamines
C) catecholamines
D) amino acids

A

Catecholamines

90
Q

In the presence of the appropriate enzyme, dopamine is converted to

A

Norepinephrine

91
Q

Which of the following is not found in neurons that release norepinephrine?

A) dopamine
B) L-DOPA
C) norepinephrine 
D) epinephrine 
E) tyrosine
A

Epinephrine

92
Q

Which of the following is synthesized directly from tyrosine?

A) dopamine
B) epinephrine 
C) L-DOPA
D) serotonin
E) GABA
A

L-DOPA

93
Q

The abbreviation 5-HT stands for

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine

A

Both A and B

94
Q

Serotonin is synthesized from

A

Tryptophan

95
Q

Adrenergic neurons release

A

Epinephrine

96
Q

Acetylcholine is created by the addition of an acetyl group to

A

A choline molecule

97
Q

Acetylcholine is

A) a large-molecule neurotransmitter
B) synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule
C) an indolamine

A

Synthesized by adding an acetyl group to a choline molecule

98
Q

Nitric oxide

A) is a soluble gas neurotransmitter
B) is considered to be an unconventional neurotransmitter
C) participates in retrograde synaptic transmission

A

All of the above

99
Q

Soluble-gas neurotransmitters

A) are synthesized in the neural cytoplasm
B) once synthesized, immediately diffuse through the cell membrane into the extracellular fluid and into nearby cells
C) diffuse into target cells through their cell membranes
D) once in other cells, stimulate the synthesis of a second messenger and are immediately broken down

A

All of the above

100
Q

Which of the following is an endocannabinoid neurotransmitter?

A) nitric oxide
B) aspartate
C) anandamide
D) THC
E) indolamine
A

Anandamide

101
Q

About how many neuropeptides are currently classified by most experts as neurotransmitters?

A

Just over 100

102
Q

Peptide neurotransmitters are

A) synthesized in the cell body
B) amino acid chains
C) large-molecule neurotransmitters

A

All of the above

103
Q

Drugs that facilitate the activity of synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be _________ of that neurotransmitter

A

Agonists

104
Q

With respect to neurotransmitters, which of the following is a correct sequence?

A) synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake
B) reuptake, synthesis, deactivation, exocytosis
C) deactivation, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, storage
D) storage, deactivation, synthesis, exocytosis
E) exocytosis, postsynaptic binding, synthesis, reuptake

A

Synthesis, storage, exocytosis, reuptake

105
Q

This drug is a muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist; it is an extract of the belladonna plant; and it has pupil-dilating effects

A

Atropine

106
Q

Drugs that block the reuptake of a neurotransmitter from the synapse are usually

A

Agonists of that neurotransmitter

107
Q

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter’s autoreceptors without activating them are usually

A

Agonists

108
Q

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitter’s receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them are

A) receptor blockers
B) agonists of the neurotransmitter
C) antagonists of the neurotransmitter

A

Both A and C

109
Q

Drugs that degrade vesicles and cause the neurotransmitter molecules to leak into the cytoplasm, where they are destroyed by enzymes, are

A

Antagonists of the neurotransmitter

110
Q

Which drug was extracted from the belladonna plant and used by the ancient Greeks for cosmetic purposes?

A

Atropine

111
Q

Atropine is

A

A muscarinic antagonist

112
Q

The receptors of the neuromuscular junction are

A) cholinergic
B) nicotine
C) muscarinic

A

Both A and B

113
Q

Which of the following is a cholinergic antagonist?

A

Curare

114
Q

By binding to nicotine cholinergic receptors, this drug produces paralysis and death

A

Curare

115
Q

Which of the following is a nicotinic antagonist?

A) botox
B) curare
C) atropine

A

Both A and B

116
Q

Botox is

A) a deadly poison
B) used to reduce tremors
C) a nicotinic antagonist

A

All of the above

117
Q

Opiates play a role in

A) analgesia
B) pleasure
C) retrograde transport

A

Both A and B

118
Q

Some of the morphine-like substances that occur naturally in the brain are

A

Endorphins

119
Q

Endorphins are

A

Neuropeptides

120
Q

Cocaine and amphetamines are

A

Dopamine agonists

121
Q

Cocaine and amphetamines in high doses can produce a temporary disorder that is similar to

A

Schizophrenia

122
Q

Many effective antischizophrenic drugs

A

Are D2 blockers

123
Q

Which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter?

A) aspartate
B) glutamate
C) glycine
D) indolamine
E) GABA
A

Indolamine

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions