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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and the Central Nervous System (CNS)

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2
Q

The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the

A) ANS and PNS
B) brain and brain stem
C) SNS and ANS
D) spinal cord and brain stem

A

None of the above

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3
Q

The ANS is part of the

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

The somatic nervous system

A) is part of the PNS
B) participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment
C) is part of the ANS

A

Both A and B

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5
Q

In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information

A

To the CNS

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6
Q

Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the

A) somatic nervous system
B) basal ganglia
C) ANS
D) peripheral nervous system

A

Both C and D

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7
Q

Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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8
Q

The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has

A

First-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ

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9
Q

Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body’s energy?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

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10
Q

The first two cranial nerves are

A

Olfactory and optic nerves

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11
Q

The vagus nerve is

A) part of the parasympathetic nervous system
B) the tenth cranial nerve
C) the longest cranial nerve
D) both sensory and motor

A

All of the above

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12
Q

The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are

A

Meninges

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13
Q

From outside to inside, the three meninges are the

A

Dura, arachnoid, and pia

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14
Q

Adhering to the surface of the brain is the

A

Pia mater

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15
Q

The subarachnoid space is just outside the

A

Pia mater

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16
Q

How many ventricles are there in the brain?

A

4

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17
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the

A) central canal
B) lateral ventricles
C) subarachnoid space

A

All of the above

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18
Q

The cerebral aqueduct connects the

A

Third and fourth ventricles

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19
Q

When a tumour near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain, the disorder is

A

Hydrocephalus

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20
Q

The blood-brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of

A

Many proteins and other large molecules

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21
Q

Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit

A

Electrochemical signals

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22
Q

What part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?

A

Axon

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23
Q

The neuron membrane includes

A) a lipid bilayer
B) channel proteins
C) signal proteins

A

All of the above

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24
Q

Neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are classified as

A

Multipolar

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25
Q

Interneurons

A

Don’t conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure

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26
Q

Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called

A

Nuclei

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27
Q

Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to

A

Ganglia

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28
Q

CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to

A

Schwann cells

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29
Q

In the CNS, axons are myelinated by

A

Oligodendrocytes

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30
Q

Myelination

A

Increases the speed of axonal conduction

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31
Q

PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to

A

Oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

Chemical communication among mammalian neurons often occurs

A

Across synapses

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33
Q

The soma is

A

The cell body

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34
Q

Many multipolar neurons have a long process emanating from the cell body. This long process is

A

An axon

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35
Q

The cone-shaped structure at the boundary between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is the

A

Axon hillock

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36
Q

Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the

A

Buttons

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37
Q

Most of a neuron’s DNA is in its

A

Nucleus

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38
Q

The particular glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are

A

Microglia

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39
Q

The largest glial cells are

A

Astrocytes

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40
Q

The Golgi stain colours neurons

A

Black

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41
Q

The best thing about the Golgi stain is that it

A

Does not stain many neurons

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42
Q

The discovery of the Golgi stain

A) was accidental
B) was one of the major early breakthroughs in the study of the nervous system
C) occurred in 1995

A

Both A and B

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43
Q

The first neural stain revealed the silhouettes of a few neurons on a slide; it is

A

The Golgi stain

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44
Q

The first neural stain that permitted neuroanstomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was

A

The Nissl stain

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45
Q

Nissl stains (e.g., cresyl violet) are frequently used to

A

Determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system

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46
Q

The fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best

A

By electron microscopy

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47
Q

The main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is that it

A

Produces three-dimensional images

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48
Q

To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure, an investigator would employ

A

An anterograde tracing technique

49
Q

The back of your head is

A

Posterior

50
Q

The top of a dog’s head is

A

Dorsal

51
Q

The tip of your nose is

A

Medial and anterior

52
Q

The nose of a rat is

A) medial
B) dorsal
C) anterior

A

Both A and C

53
Q

The spine of a human runs just beneath the body’s

A

Dorsal surface

54
Q

Which of the following neuroanatomical directions is commonly used with reference to the brains of humans or other primates, but not with reference to the brains of four-legged creatures?

A

Inferior

55
Q

A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissaries, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

A

Midsagittal

56
Q

The H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in a

A

Cross section

57
Q

Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

58
Q

White matter is white because

A

Myelin is white

59
Q

In cross section, spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two

A

Ventral horns

60
Q

How many individual dorsal roots are there in the human nervous system?

A

62

61
Q

How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?

A

31

62
Q

Most neurons of the dorsal root synapse in the

A

Spinal cord

63
Q

The neurons of the dorsal roots are

A

Sensory

64
Q

Most neurons of the ventral roots

A

Have their cell bodies in the ventral horns

65
Q

“Encephalon” means within the

A

Head

66
Q

The large lateral outgrowths that compose the telencephalon are the

A

Cerebral hemispheres

67
Q

The myelencephalon is often called the

A

Medulla

68
Q

The caudal part of the forebrain is the

A

Diencephalon

69
Q

The midbrain is

A) part of the mesencephalon
B) part of the metencephalon
C) the mesencephalon
D) part of the brain stem

A

Both C and D

70
Q

The myelencephalon is

A) the medulla
B) part of the hindbrain
C) part of the brain stem

A

All of the above

71
Q

Which of the following is not in the brain stem?

A) Myelencephalon
B) Mesencephalon
C) Metencephalon
D) Medulla
E) Telencephalon
A

Telencephalon

72
Q

The myelencephalon is composed largely of

A

Tracts

73
Q

Which of the following structures is called after a term that means “little net”?

  • Reticular formation
  • Mesencephalon
  • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
  • Hippocampus
A

Reticular formation

74
Q

The reticular formation is in the

A

Brain stem

75
Q

The reticular formation is in the core of the

A) mesencephalon
B) myelencephalon
C) metencephalon

A

All of the above

76
Q

Which of the following is a large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the human brain stem?

  • Pituitary
  • Cerebellum
  • Optic chiasm
  • Hypothalamus
  • Mammillary body
A

Cerebellum

77
Q

The inferior and superior colliculi compose the

A

Tectum

78
Q

The tectum is the roof of the

A

Mesencephalon

79
Q

Which structure is not part of the tegmentum?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Periaqueductal gray
C) Substantial nigra 
D) Red nucleus
E) Cerebral aqueduct
A

Hypothalamus

80
Q

Three major structures in the __________ of the brain are named after colours (red, black, grey)

A

Tegmentum

81
Q

The neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the

A

Periaqueductal gray

82
Q

The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the

A

Diencephalon

83
Q

The lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the

A

Thalamus

84
Q

Most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to the

A

Cortex

85
Q

Which of the following part of the diencephalon connects the two lobes of the thalamus?

A) Massa intermedia
B) Hypothalamus 
C) Cerebral aqueduct
D) Corpus callosum
E) Hippocampal commissure
A

Massa intermedia

86
Q

Which of the following thalamic nuclei relays visual information?

A) Pons
B) Red nucleus 
C) Lateral geniculate
D) Substantial nigra
E) Ventral posterior
A

Lateral geniculate

87
Q

The lateral geniculate nuclei, medial geniculate nuclei, and ventral posterior nuclei are all

A) diencephalic nuclei
B) thalamic nuclei
C) sensory relay nuclei

A

All of the above

88
Q

Which structure of the diencephalon regulates the pituitary?

A

Hypothalamus

89
Q

The pituitary gland is situated just inferior to the

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

Which of the following is an X-shaped structure?

A) Spinal white matter
B) Reticular formation
C) Pituitary
D) Optic chiasm
E) Substantial nigra
A

Optic chiasm

91
Q

Which of the following is a point of decussation?

A) Optic chiasm
B) Hippocampus
C) Temporal lobe
D) Substantial nigra
E) Superior colliculus
A

Optic chiasm

92
Q

If a midsagittal cut were made through the human brain, all of the uncut axons running from the eyes to the brain would be

A

Ipsilateral

93
Q

The mammillary nuclei are

A) bumps visible on the dorsal surface of the medulla
B) visible on the inferior surface of the diencephalon
C) often considered to be nuclei of the hypothalamus
D) found only in females

A

Both B and C

94
Q

All mammals with lissencephalic brains

A

Have smooth brains

95
Q

The large cortical ridges between fissures are called

A

Gyri

96
Q

Big is to small as fissures are to

A

Sucli

97
Q

The largest cerebral commissure is the

A

Corpus callosum

98
Q

The corpus callosum is the human brain’s largest

A

Commissure

99
Q

The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres. Which lobe does not border it?

A

Temporal lobe

100
Q

Between the frontal and parietal lobes is the

A

Central fissure

101
Q

The lobe at the back of the brain, which serves a visual function, is the

A

Occipital lobe

102
Q

The functions of the occipital cortex are largely

A

Visual

103
Q

Precentral is to postcentral as

A) Somatosensory is to motor
B) Auditory is to motor
C) Motor is to somatosensory
D) Auditory is to somatosensory

A

Motor is to somatosensory

104
Q

About what proportion of human cerebral cortex is neocortex?

A

90%

105
Q

Which of the following are multipolar cortical neurons with long axons, apical dendrites, and triangular cell bodies?

A) stellate cells
B) chandelier cells
C) pyramidal cells
D) granule cells
E) fusiform cells
A

Pyramidal cells

106
Q

Neocortex contains two fundamentally different kinds of neurons: Pyramidal cells and

A

Stellate cells

107
Q

Which of the following neurons have apical dendrites?

A) interneurons
B) stellate cells
C) pyramidal cells

A

Pyramidal cells

108
Q

The hippocampus is

A

Shaped like a sea horse in cross section

109
Q

The limbic system and basal ganglia are, for the most part, in the

A

Telencephalon

110
Q

A neural circuit that includes the septum, cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus is thought to be involved in the regulation of motivated behaviours. This circuit is called the

A

Limbic system

111
Q

A major limbic system tract is the

A

Fornix

112
Q

Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system?

A) Hippocampus
B) Septum
C) Cerebellum
D) Fornix
E) Hypothalamus
A

Cerebellum

113
Q

Two parts of the limbic system are cortical structures. These two structures are the

A

Hippocampus and the cingulate

114
Q

The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the

A

Basal ganglia

115
Q

Together, the caudate and the putamen compose the

A

Striatum

116
Q

Deterioration of the pathway from the substantial nigra to the striatum is often found in cases of

A

Parkinson’s disease

117
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by

A) networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles
B) the superior sagittal sinus
C) the arachnoid membrane
D) the choroid plexuses

A

Both A and D

117
Q

Hydrocephalus results from the

A) production of too much CSF
B) production of excessively watery CSF
C) production of water rather than CSF
D) breakdown of the mechanism that absorbs CSF into the lateral vesicles

A

None of the above

117
Q

The blood brain barrier is

A) a spongy bone
B) located in the pia mater
C) about the size of the cortex
D) located in all three meninges

A

None of the above

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