Chapter 3: Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the
A
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and the Central Nervous System (CNS)
2
Q
The CNS is composed of two major divisions: the
A) ANS and PNS
B) brain and brain stem
C) SNS and ANS
D) spinal cord and brain stem
A
None of the above
3
Q
The ANS is part of the
A
Peripheral Nervous System
4
Q
The somatic nervous system
A) is part of the PNS
B) participates in sensory and motor interactions with the external environment
C) is part of the ANS
A
Both A and B
5
Q
In general, afferent nerves carry sensory information
A
To the CNS
6
Q
Neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are part of the
A) somatic nervous system
B) basal ganglia
C) ANS
D) peripheral nervous system
A
Both C and D
7
Q
Which part of the PNS projects from only the cranial and sacral portions of the CNS?
A
Parasympathetic Nervous System
8
Q
The sympathetic nervous system differs from the parasympathetic nervous system in that the sympathetic nervous system has
A
First-stage neurons that synapse at a substantial distance from the target organ
9
Q
Which of the following generally acts to conserve the body’s energy?
A
Parasympathetic Nervous System
10
Q
The first two cranial nerves are
A
Olfactory and optic nerves
11
Q
The vagus nerve is
A) part of the parasympathetic nervous system
B) the tenth cranial nerve
C) the longest cranial nerve
D) both sensory and motor
A
All of the above
12
Q
The dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater are
A
Meninges
13
Q
From outside to inside, the three meninges are the
A
Dura, arachnoid, and pia
14
Q
Adhering to the surface of the brain is the
A
Pia mater
15
Q
The subarachnoid space is just outside the
A
Pia mater
16
Q
How many ventricles are there in the brain?
A
4
17
Q
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates through the
A) central canal
B) lateral ventricles
C) subarachnoid space
A
All of the above
18
Q
The cerebral aqueduct connects the
A
Third and fourth ventricles
19
Q
When a tumour near the cerebral aqueduct causes cerebrospinal fluid to accumulate in the brain, the disorder is
A
Hydrocephalus
20
Q
The blood-brain barrier impedes the passage into cerebral neurons of
A
Many proteins and other large molecules
21
Q
Neurons are specialized to receive, conduct, and transmit
A
Electrochemical signals
22
Q
What part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?
A
Axon
23
Q
The neuron membrane includes
A) a lipid bilayer
B) channel proteins
C) signal proteins
A
All of the above
24
Q
Neurons with one axon and several dendrites emanating from the soma are classified as
A
Multipolar
25
Interneurons
Don’t conduct signals from one structure to another; they integrate activity within a single brain structure
26
Clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called
Nuclei
27
Tracts are to nuclei as nerves are to
Ganglia
28
CNS is to PNS as oligodendrocytes are to
Schwann cells
29
In the CNS, axons are myelinated by
Oligodendrocytes
30
Myelination
Increases the speed of axonal conduction
31
PNS is to CNS as Schwann cells are to
Oligodendrocytes
32
Chemical communication among mammalian neurons often occurs
Across synapses
33
The soma is
The cell body
34
Many multipolar neurons have a long process emanating from the cell body. This long process is
An axon
35
The cone-shaped structure at the boundary between the cell body and axon of a multipolar neuron is the
Axon hillock
36
Synaptic vesicles tend to be most prevalent in the
Buttons
37
Most of a neuron’s DNA is in its
Nucleus
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The particular glial cells that engulf cellular debris and trigger inflammation are
Microglia
39
The largest glial cells are
Astrocytes
40
The Golgi stain colours neurons
Black
41
The best thing about the Golgi stain is that it
Does not stain many neurons
42
The discovery of the Golgi stain
A) was accidental
B) was one of the major early breakthroughs in the study of the nervous system
C) occurred in 1995
Both A and B
43
The first neural stain revealed the silhouettes of a few neurons on a slide; it is
The Golgi stain
44
The first neural stain that permitted neuroanstomists to view some aspects of the inner structure of a neuron was
The Nissl stain
45
Nissl stains (e.g., cresyl violet) are frequently used to
Determine the general distribution of cell bodies in the nervous system
46
The fine inner details of neuron structure can be studied best
By electron microscopy
47
The main advantage of the scanning electron microscope over the conventional electron microscope is that it
Produces three-dimensional images
48
To locate the terminals of axons that project from a particular brain structure, an investigator would employ
An anterograde tracing technique
49
The back of your head is
Posterior
50
The top of a dog’s head is
Dorsal
51
The tip of your nose is
Medial and anterior
52
The nose of a rat is
A) medial
B) dorsal
C) anterior
Both A and C
53
The spine of a human runs just beneath the body’s
Dorsal surface
54
Which of the following neuroanatomical directions is commonly used with reference to the brains of humans or other primates, but not with reference to the brains of four-legged creatures?
Inferior
55
A cut in which of the following planes would sever all of the cerebral commissaries, the tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres?
Midsagittal
56
The H-shape of the spinal gray matter is most obvious in a
Cross section
57
Gray matter of the spinal cord is largely composed of
Cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
58
White matter is white because
Myelin is white
59
In cross section, spinal gray matter has four arms; among these are the two
Ventral horns
60
How many individual dorsal roots are there in the human nervous system?
62
61
How many left ventral roots are there in the human body?
31
62
Most neurons of the dorsal root synapse in the
Spinal cord
63
The neurons of the dorsal roots are
Sensory
64
Most neurons of the ventral roots
Have their cell bodies in the ventral horns
65
“Encephalon” means within the
Head
66
The large lateral outgrowths that compose the telencephalon are the
Cerebral hemispheres
67
The myelencephalon is often called the
Medulla
68
The caudal part of the forebrain is the
Diencephalon
69
The midbrain is
A) part of the mesencephalon
B) part of the metencephalon
C) the mesencephalon
D) part of the brain stem
Both C and D
70
The myelencephalon is
A) the medulla
B) part of the hindbrain
C) part of the brain stem
All of the above
71
Which of the following is not in the brain stem?
```
A) Myelencephalon
B) Mesencephalon
C) Metencephalon
D) Medulla
E) Telencephalon
```
Telencephalon
72
The myelencephalon is composed largely of
Tracts
73
Which of the following structures is called after a term that means “little net”?
- Reticular formation
- Mesencephalon
- Medulla
- Cerebellum
- Hippocampus
Reticular formation
74
The reticular formation is in the
Brain stem
75
The reticular formation is in the core of the
A) mesencephalon
B) myelencephalon
C) metencephalon
All of the above
76
Which of the following is a large structure visible on the dorsal surface of the human brain stem?
- Pituitary
- Cerebellum
- Optic chiasm
- Hypothalamus
- Mammillary body
Cerebellum
77
The inferior and superior colliculi compose the
Tectum
78
The tectum is the roof of the
Mesencephalon
79
Which structure is not part of the tegmentum?
```
A) Hypothalamus
B) Periaqueductal gray
C) Substantial nigra
D) Red nucleus
E) Cerebral aqueduct
```
Hypothalamus
80
Three major structures in the __________ of the brain are named after colours (red, black, grey)
Tegmentum
81
The neural structure situated near the duct connecting the third and fourth ventricles is the
Periaqueductal gray
82
The hypothalamus and thalamus compose the
Diencephalon
83
The lateral geniculate, medial geniculate, and ventral posterior nuclei are all nuclei of the
Thalamus
84
Most sensory nuclei of the thalamus project to the
Cortex
85
Which of the following part of the diencephalon connects the two lobes of the thalamus?
```
A) Massa intermedia
B) Hypothalamus
C) Cerebral aqueduct
D) Corpus callosum
E) Hippocampal commissure
```
Massa intermedia
86
Which of the following thalamic nuclei relays visual information?
```
A) Pons
B) Red nucleus
C) Lateral geniculate
D) Substantial nigra
E) Ventral posterior
```
Lateral geniculate
87
The lateral geniculate nuclei, medial geniculate nuclei, and ventral posterior nuclei are all
A) diencephalic nuclei
B) thalamic nuclei
C) sensory relay nuclei
All of the above
88
Which structure of the diencephalon regulates the pituitary?
Hypothalamus
89
The pituitary gland is situated just inferior to the
Hypothalamus
90
Which of the following is an X-shaped structure?
```
A) Spinal white matter
B) Reticular formation
C) Pituitary
D) Optic chiasm
E) Substantial nigra
```
Optic chiasm
91
Which of the following is a point of decussation?
```
A) Optic chiasm
B) Hippocampus
C) Temporal lobe
D) Substantial nigra
E) Superior colliculus
```
Optic chiasm
92
If a midsagittal cut were made through the human brain, all of the uncut axons running from the eyes to the brain would be
Ipsilateral
93
The mammillary nuclei are
A) bumps visible on the dorsal surface of the medulla
B) visible on the inferior surface of the diencephalon
C) often considered to be nuclei of the hypothalamus
D) found only in females
Both B and C
94
All mammals with lissencephalic brains
Have smooth brains
95
The large cortical ridges between fissures are called
Gyri
96
Big is to small as fissures are to
Sucli
97
The largest cerebral commissure is the
Corpus callosum
98
The corpus callosum is the human brain’s largest
Commissure
99
The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres. Which lobe does not border it?
Temporal lobe
100
Between the frontal and parietal lobes is the
Central fissure
101
The lobe at the back of the brain, which serves a visual function, is the
Occipital lobe
102
The functions of the occipital cortex are largely
Visual
103
Precentral is to postcentral as
A) Somatosensory is to motor
B) Auditory is to motor
C) Motor is to somatosensory
D) Auditory is to somatosensory
Motor is to somatosensory
104
About what proportion of human cerebral cortex is neocortex?
90%
105
Which of the following are multipolar cortical neurons with long axons, apical dendrites, and triangular cell bodies?
```
A) stellate cells
B) chandelier cells
C) pyramidal cells
D) granule cells
E) fusiform cells
```
Pyramidal cells
106
Neocortex contains two fundamentally different kinds of neurons: Pyramidal cells and
Stellate cells
107
Which of the following neurons have apical dendrites?
A) interneurons
B) stellate cells
C) pyramidal cells
Pyramidal cells
108
The hippocampus is
Shaped like a sea horse in cross section
109
The limbic system and basal ganglia are, for the most part, in the
Telencephalon
110
A neural circuit that includes the septum, cingulate cortex, fornix, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and thalamus is thought to be involved in the regulation of motivated behaviours. This circuit is called the
Limbic system
111
A major limbic system tract is the
Fornix
112
Which of the following structures is not part of the limbic system?
```
A) Hippocampus
B) Septum
C) Cerebellum
D) Fornix
E) Hypothalamus
```
Cerebellum
113
Two parts of the limbic system are cortical structures. These two structures are the
Hippocampus and the cingulate
114
The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the
Basal ganglia
115
Together, the caudate and the putamen compose the
Striatum
116
Deterioration of the pathway from the substantial nigra to the striatum is often found in cases of
Parkinson’s disease
117
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by
A) networks of small blood vessels that protrude into the ventricles
B) the superior sagittal sinus
C) the arachnoid membrane
D) the choroid plexuses
Both A and D
117
Hydrocephalus results from the
A) production of too much CSF
B) production of excessively watery CSF
C) production of water rather than CSF
D) breakdown of the mechanism that absorbs CSF into the lateral vesicles
None of the above
117
The blood brain barrier is
A) a spongy bone
B) located in the pia mater
C) about the size of the cortex
D) located in all three meninges
None of the above
