Chapter 5 - Raw Material of Variation

Question 1

The structural units that, among other functions, link together to forms proteins.

Answer 1

Amino Acid

Question 2

The structural units that link together to form DNA (and RNA).

Answer 2

Nucleotide

Question 3

One of four nitrogen-based molecules in DNA

Answer 3

Nucleobase (Base)

Question 4

Any change to the genomic sequence of an organism.

Answer 4

Mutation

Question 5

The third macromolecule essential for all know forms of life (along with DNA and proteins).

Answer 5

RNA

Question 6

segments of DNA whose nucleotide sequences code for proteins, or RNA, or regulate the expression of other genes.

Answer 6

Genes

Question 7

The process by which information from a gene is transformed into a product.

Answer 7

Gene Expression

Question 8

Chromosomes that pair during meiosis but differ in copy number between males and females

Answer 8

Sexual Chromosome

Question 9

The number of copes of unique chromosomes in a cell (n).

Answer 9

Ploidy

Question 10

The process that takes place when RNA polymerase reads a coding sequence of DNA and produces a complementary strand of mRNA, called messenger RNA.

Answer 10

Transcription

Question 11

The process hat takes place when a strand of mRNA is decoded by a ribosome to produce a strand of amino acids.

Answer 11

Translation

Question 12

Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and act, in essence, like a light switch by turning all the sequences on or off simultaneously.

Answer 12

Transcription Factors

Question 13

A molecular signal that flows form cells in one part of the body to cells in other parts of the body.

Answer 13

Hormone

Question 14

The process of modifying RNA after transcription but before translation, during which introns are removed and eons are joined together into a contiguous strand.

Answer 14

RNA Splicing

Question 15

The process of combing different subsets of eons together, yielding different mRNA transcriptions from a single gene.

Answer 15

Alternative Splicing

Question 16

All of the hereditary information of an organism.

Answer 16

Genome

Question 17

one group of RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expressions

Answer 17

MicroRNA

Question 18

DNA sequences that resemble function genes but have lost their protein coding ability or are no longer expressed.

Answer 18

Pseudogenes

Question 19

Types of DNA that can move around in the genome. Common examples include transposons (“Jumping genes”) and plasmids

Answer 19

Mobile Genetic Elements

Question 20

the process of receiving genetic material from an ancestor.

Answer 20

Vertical Gene Transfer

Question 21

Any process in which genetic material is transferred to another organisms with descent.

Answer 21

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 22

Molecules ofDNA, found most often in bacteria, that can replicate independently or chromosomal DNA

Answer 22

Plasmids

Question 23

Stretches of DNA located near a gene-either immediately upstream (Adjacent to the promoter region), downstream, or inside an interim-that influence the expression of that gene

Answer 23

Cis-acting Elements

Question 24

Sequences of DNA that located away from the focal gene (e.g. on another chromosome). These stretches of DNA general code for a protein, microRNA, or other diffusible molecule that then influences expression of the focal gene.

Answer 24

Trans-acting Elements

Question 25

Mutations that affect cells int he body of an organism.

Answer 25

Somatic Mutations

Question 26

Mutations that affect the gametes of an individual and can be transmitted from parents to offspring.

Answer 26

Germ-line mutations

Question 27

one of several alternative forms of the DNA sequences of the same locus.

Answer 27

Allele

Question 28

A form of cell division that occurs only in Eukaryotes, in which the number of chromosomes is cut in half.

Answer 28

Meiosis

Question 29

The exchange of genetic material between pairs chromosomes during meiosis.

Answer 29

Genetic Recombination

Question 30

The genetic makeup of an individual.

Answer 30

Genotype

Question 31

An observable, measurable characteristic of an organism.

Answer 31

Phenotype

Question 32

The simultaneous occurrence of two or more discrete phenotypes within a population. in the simplest case, each phenotype results from a different allele or combination of alleles or a single gene. in more complex cases, the phenotypes result from complex interactions between many different genes and environment.

Answer 32

Genetic Polymorphism

Question 33

A trait for which multiple, discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype depending on environmental circumstances.

Answer 33

Polyphenic Trait

Question 34

Alleles that produce the same phenotype whether they are paired with an identical allele or a different allele.

Answer 34

Dominant Allele

Question 35

Alleles that produce their characteristic phenotypes only when they are paired with an identical allele.

Answer 35

Recessive allele.

Question 36

Measurable phenotypes that cary among individuals over a given range to produce a continuos distribution of phenotypes.

Answer 36

Quantitative Traits

Question 37

A signaling molecule that flows between nearby cells and acts directly to alter expression of target genes.

Answer 37

Morphogen

Question 38

Changes in the phenotype produced by a single genotype in different environment.

Answer 38

Phenotypic Plasticity