Chapter 5 Questions Flashcards
True/False: Due to the minute amount of trace gases and water vapor in standard sea level atmospheres, the partial pressure of Nitrogen pN2 can approximately be computed by simply subtracting the partial pressure of Oxygen pO2 (21%) from the total barometric pressure of between 99.9 and 102.7 kPa.
True
True/False: Cabin temperature levels include not just atmospheric temperature but also surface temperatures to which human skin may be exposed for prolonged periods of time.
True
True/False: Good planning for atmospheric variations includes considering not just nominal operational limits, but also degraded and emergency limits
True
True/False: Momentary accelerations of a properly-restrained human body due to ignition, braking, and landing impacts can be ignored in favor of guarding against prolonged linear and/or rotational accelerations.
False
True/False: Initial habitat systems design efforts must accurately model all human metabolic processes, inputs and outputs before even proposing a basic CONOPS and first-order mission budget
False
True/False: Ideal (zero body mass variation) systems permit a balancing of caloric intake to energy production through kinetic energy (body motion) and waste heat.
True
In making the basic Trade-offs for PB and PO2 for non-EVA atmospheres which of the following can be expected to be disadvantages of PB set below Earth sea level normal?
a. Re-entry vehicles still need to be repressurized prior to atmospheric re-entry,
Sound will carry more poorly and for shorter distances in habitable volumes
Higher leakage around planned structural barriers such as seal and airlocks, or from punctures
b. Cooling and re-circulation ventilator fans need to run faster with higher noise levels,
Re-entry vehicles still need to be repressurized prior to atmospheric re-entry,
Sound will carry more poorly and for shorter distances in habitable volumes
c. Higher leakage around planned structural barriers such as seal and airlocks, or from punctures,
Re-entry vehicles still need to be repressurized prior to atmospheric re-entry,
Prolonged 30-40 kPa EVA pre-breathing times to purge excess nitrogen in the bloodstream
d. Higher leakage around planned structural barriers such as seal and airlocks, or from punctures,
Sound will carry more poorly and for shorter distances in habitable volumes
Prolonged 30-40 kPa EVA pre-breathing times to purge excess nitrogen in the bloodstream
b. Cooling and re-circulation ventilator fans need to run faster with higher noise levels,
Re-entry vehicles still need to be repressurized prior to atmospheric re-entry,
Sound will carry more poorly and for shorter distances in habitable volumes
If there are such dangerous risks as a consequence of improper or rushed EVA preparation, execution, and recovery due to lower total suit pressures, then why not simply use standard atmospheric pressure on EVA instead?
a. Higher suit pressures require greater effort and strength to walk, reach, and grasp objects, and reduced finger dexterity, all increasing fatigue and rending gloved hands almost useless
b. Not enough data exists for standard-pressure suit EVA efficiency because space agencies have always traditionally used reduced EVA pressures
c. Although standard-pressure EVA suits would require far less time to prep, don and doff, they would also use far more O2 and N2reserves
d. Better sound projection via increased suit pressure is unnecessary on EVA, especially with headsets
a. Higher suit pressures require greater effort and strength to walk, reach, and grasp objects, and reduced finger dexterity, all increasing fatigue and rending gloved hands almost useless
Which of the following statements about cabin atmospheres is/are TRUE?
a. 1000% higher CO2 concentrations have little long-term effects on humans,
The typical humidity problems in manned spacecraft relate to dry or stale air and its bad side effects on crew respiratory passages
b. In microgravity, adequate airflow is assured in all living spaces because of crew translations in the interior and overall spacecraft rotation,
Every surface coating material that can outgas, contribute an odor, flake off, or chemically react with standard air must be considered as a potential atmosphere contaminant.
c. 1000% higher CO2 concentrations have little long-term effects on humans,
In microgravity, adequate airflow is assured in all living spaces because of crew translations in the interior and overall spacecraft rotation
d. Every surface coating material that can outgas, contribute an odor, flake off, or chemically react with standard air must be considered as a potential atmosphere contaminant.,
1000% higher CO2 concentrations have little long-term effects on humans
d. Every surface coating material that can outgas, contribute an odor, flake off, or chemically react with standard air must be considered as a potential atmosphere contaminant.,
1000% higher CO2 concentrations have little long-term effects on humans
Sonic, infrasonic and ultrasonic noise levels must all be considered for long-term human spaceflight because:
a. Prolonged sonic noise above 60 dB can result in conversation and some sleep disturbance issues,
Higher-frequency (10-40 kHz) noise can be better withstood at higher dB levels, but will eventually annoy human crews
b. Sonic levels above 75 dB require hearing protection that is irritating and difficult to maintain and manifest,
Higher-frequency (10-40 kHz) noise can be better withstood at higher dB levels, but will eventually annoy human crews
c. Prolonged sonic noise above 60 dB can result in conversation and some sleep disturbance issues,
Sonic levels above 75 dB require hearing protection that is irritating and difficult to maintain and manifest
a. Prolonged sonic noise above 60 dB can result in conversation and some sleep disturbance issues,
Higher-frequency (10-40 kHz) noise can be better withstood at higher dB levels, but will eventually annoy human crews
Atmospheric values that must be considered for human-rated spacecraft and habitats have to encompass which of the following? a. Oxygen consumption, Nitrogen partial pressure, Carbon dioxide generation b. Nitrogen partial pressure, Carbon dioxide generation, Trace gas amounts (generation and filtering), Water vapor (humidity) c. Oxygen consumption, Nitrogen partial pressure, Water vapor (humidity) d. Oxygen consumption, Nitrogen partial pressure, Carbon dioxide generation, Trace gas amounts (generation and filtering), Water vapor (humidity)
d. Oxygen consumption, Nitrogen partial pressure, Carbon dioxide generation, Trace gas amounts (generation and filtering), Water vapor (humidity)
What are some plausible reasons that crew caloric intake and expenditure may vary on long-term missions in deep space and/or surface habitation?
a. Varying levels and durations of gravitational fields,
Restricted physical inactivity due to limited habitable volumes,
Diversity between manual mechanical work and electromechanically-assisted methods such as hoists, cranes, diggers, rovers, etc.,
b. Restricted physical inactivity due to limited habitable volumes,
Diversity between manual mechanical work and electromechanically-assisted methods such as hoists, cranes, diggers, rovers, etc.,
Varying levels and durations of gravitational fields
c. Diversity between manual mechanical work and electromechanically-assisted methods such as hoists, cranes, diggers, rovers, etc.,
Intermittent access to scheduled meals preparation and consumption periods due to EVAs, extended man-in-the-loop activities, and food source experimentation variances
d. Varying levels and durations of gravitational fields,
Restricted physical inactivity due to limited habitable volumes,
Diversity between manual mechanical work and electromechanically-assisted methods such as hoists, cranes, diggers, rovers, etc.,
Intermittent access to scheduled meals preparation and consumption periods due to EVAs, extended man-in-the-loop activities, and food source experimentation variances
d. Varying levels and durations of gravitational fields,
Restricted physical inactivity due to limited habitable volumes,
Diversity between manual mechanical work and electromechanically-assisted methods such as hoists, cranes, diggers, rovers, etc.,
Intermittent access to scheduled meals preparation and consumption periods due to EVAs, extended man-in-the-loop activities, and food source experimentation variances
Why are dehydrated foods so preferable as caloric intake sources for long-term space missions?
a. Dehydrated food prepared on Earth provides greater control regarding protein, fat, carbs, vitamin, and mineral content over all other food sources (fresh-grown, frozen, thermo-stabilized) ,
Dehydration removes water mass, which adds up to considerable savings in launch mass
b. Dehydrated food prepared on Earth provides greater control regarding protein, fat, carbs, vitamin, and mineral content over all other food sources (fresh-grown, frozen, thermo-stabilized),
Rehydration can be skipped to save time, mess and potable water usage before being consumed, without long-term negative effects on crew
c. Dehydration removes water mass, which adds up to considerable savings in launch mass,
Dehydrated food seldom spoils in storage
d. Dehydrated food prepared on Earth provides greater control regarding protein, fat, carbs, vitamin, and mineral content over all other food sources (fresh-grown, frozen, thermo-stabilized),
Rehydration can be skipped to save time, mess and potable water usage before being consumed, without long-term negative effects on crew,
Dehydrated food seldom spoils in storage
c. Dehydration removes water mass, which adds up to considerable savings in launch mass,
Dehydrated food seldom spoils in storage
Why are reclaimed and in-situ generated water quality standards so extensively researched and so vital to crew safety on long-term missions?
a. Human metabolic processes have definable safety requirements and limits for contaminants,
Healthy crew psychology depends partly on controlled cloudiness, color, odor, taste etc.,
Unknown bacterial and microbiological threats are a real concern for surface habitat water supplies,
Multiple uses for water beyond drinking (personal hygiene, garment, surface and dish washing etc.) provide important psychological and logistical routines and savings
b. Human metabolic processes have definable safety requirements and limits for contaminants,
Unknown bacterial and microbiological threats are a real concern for surface habitat water supplies,
Multiple uses for water beyond drinking (personal hygiene, garment, surface and dish washing etc.) provide important psychological and logistical routines and savings
c. Human metabolic processes have definable safety requirements and limits for contaminants,
Healthy crew psychology depends partly on controlled cloudiness, color, odor, taste etc.,
d. Healthy crew psychology depends partly on controlled cloudiness, color, odor, taste etc.,
Unknown bacterial and microbiological threats are a real concern for surface habitat water supplies,
Multiple uses for water beyond drinking (personal hygiene, garment, surface and dish washing etc.) provide important psychological and logistical routines and savings
a. Human metabolic processes have definable safety requirements and limits for contaminants,
Healthy crew psychology depends partly on controlled cloudiness, color, odor, taste etc.,
Unknown bacterial and microbiological threats are a real concern for surface habitat water supplies,
Multiple uses for water beyond drinking (personal hygiene, garment, surface and dish washing etc.) provide important psychological and logistical routines and savings
What are current and/or future design and scheduled activity solutions to counter the problems of loss of cardiovascular conditioning and body-fluid volume, atrophy of the skeletal muscles, loss of lean body mass, and bone degeneration accompanied by calcium loss?
a. Cardiovascular exercise programs for missions in microgravity of less that 84 days,
Artificial gravity induced through onboard, rotating centrifuge sections of the spacecraft
b. Cardiovascular exercise programs for missions in microgravity of less that 84 days,
Artificial gravity induced through onboard, rotating centrifuge sections of the spacecraft,
Isotonic and isokinetic exercise programs to stress skeleton and muscle groups,
Psychomotor exercises and active games for neuromuscular coordination
c. Artificial gravity induced through onboard, rotating centrifuge sections of the spacecraft,
Isotonic and isokinetic exercise programs to stress skeleton and muscle groups,
Psychomotor exercises and active games for neuromuscular coordination
d. Cardiovascular exercise programs for missions in microgravity of less that 84 days,
Artificial gravity induced through onboard, rotating centrifuge sections of the spacecraft,
Psychomotor exercises and active games for neuromuscular coordination
a. Cardiovascular exercise programs for missions in microgravity of less that 84 days,
Artificial gravity induced through onboard, rotating centrifuge sections of the spacecraft
