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Psychology > Chapter 5 - Psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is statistical infrequency?

A

a characteristic that can be described as numerically abnormal

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2
Q

give and example of statistical infrequency

A

IQ 2% below 70, classed as mentally disabled

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3
Q

what is normal distribution?

A

where the majority are around the average

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4
Q

what are social norms?

A

implicit rules of behaviour

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5
Q

evaluate statistical infrequency (4)

A

real-life app - evaluation of severity is simple
unusual characteristics can be positive
labelling can be detrimental
subject to cultural relativism

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6
Q

evaluate deviation from social norms (4)

A

not sole explanation e.g. distress to others
cultural relativism
can lead to human rights violations
takes into account desirability of abnormality

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7
Q

define failure to function adequately

A

failing to cope with everyday happenings e.g. stress

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8
Q

give the criteria for failure to function adequately

A
  • maladaptiveness
  • vividness
  • observer discomfort
  • irrational
  • suffering
  • inpredictability
  • violation of moral codes
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9
Q

evaluate failure to function adequately (3)

A

includes patients perspective
hard to distinguish from deviation from social norms
subjective judgement required for diagnosis

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10
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

when someone does not meet set criteria for ideal mental health

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11
Q

state the criteria for ideal mental health

A
  • no distress
  • self actualisation
  • self esteem
  • accurate perception of self
  • accurate perception of the world
  • cope with average stress
  • independence
  • work and leisure
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12
Q

evaluate deviation from ideal mental health (3)

A
  • comprehensive criteria
  • cultural relativism, e.g. independence in west
  • unrealistic expectations
  • labelling not always useful
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13
Q

what is a specific phobia

A

phobia of a specific object or situation

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14
Q

what is a social phobia

A

phobia of a social situation

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15
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

phobia of being outside or in public

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16
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

panic
avoidance
irrational fear

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17
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A

anxiety
uncertainty of their own response
disproportional emotions

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18
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

selective attention to phobic stimulus
irrational beliefs
distorted thinking

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19
Q

give 2 examples of depressive disorders

A

major, persistent, disruptive mood dysregulation

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20
Q

behavioural characteristics of depression

A

lethargy/agitation
disrupted sleep
disrupted eating
aggression and self harm

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21
Q

emotional characteristics of depression

A 
low mood
anger at self and others
low self esteem
lack happiness from usually fun activities
sadness
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22
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression

A

poor concentration
dwelling negative
absolutist
irrational

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23
Q

define OCD

A

recurring and constant obsession and compulsions

24
Q

behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

compulsions

avoidance of triggers

25
Q

emotional characteristics of OCD

A

anxiety and distress
depression
guilt and disgust

26
Q

cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts
cognitive strategies to deal w such as prayer
insight into own irrationality
recurring/constant worry

27
Q

what is the two process model?

A

suggestion that phobias are acquired and then maintained by classical and operant conditioning

28
Q

who came up with the two- process model

A

Mowrer (1960)

29
Q

evaluate the two process model (5)

A
  • good explanatory power - shows maintenance
  • complex phobias seem more motivated by safety seeking not reduction of anxiety
  • ignores other explanations e.g. bio
  • some phobias dont follow trauma
  • ignores phobia cognition
30
Q

outline systematic desensitisation

A

anxiety hierachy, relaxation techniques, gradual exposure

31
Q

outline flooding therapy

A

instant and complete exposure, extinction of stimulus, requires informed consent

32
Q

evaluate systematic desensitisation

A
  • effective and long lasting
  • suitable for a wide range of patients
  • preferred by patients
  • costly, many sessions
  • not effective one more complex phobias
  • symptom substitution
33
Q

evaluate flooding as a treatment phobias (3)

A
  • cost effective
  • less effective for social phobias
  • unethical, causes trauma
  • symptom substitution
34
Q

what are the 3 parts of Beck’s cognitive triad

A
  • negative thoughts of the world
  • negative thoughts of the future
  • negative thoughts of self
35
Q

what other 2 things did Beck say contributed to the negative triad

A

faulty information processing and negative self schemas

36
Q

evaluate Beck’s cognitive theory of depression (3)

A
  • good support (Grazioli and Terry) pre and post natal depression
  • practical application of CBT
  • doesnt explain complex symptoms e.g. hallucinations
37
Q

what is Ellis’s ABC

A

suggests poor mental health occurs from irrational thoughts

38
Q

what does A B C stand for?

A

Activating event
irrational Beliefs
Consequences

39
Q

evaluate Ellis’s ABC model (3)

A
  • only partial explanation, some depression has no cause
  • practical application in CBT
  • doesnt explain all aspects of depression
40
Q

what is CBT?

A

cognitive behaviour therapy, where negative thoughts are challenged

41
Q

outline the process of CBT

A

assessment agree goals
work out plan to achieve goals
begin to challenge negative thoughts

42
Q

what is CT?

A

identify and challenge negative thoughts, help them test the reality of negative beliefs

43
Q

what is REBT?

A

rational emotional behaviour therapy, ABCDE - D for dispute and E for effect

44
Q

what is behavioural activation?

A

alongside CBT getting the patient to take part in positive activities

45
Q

evaluate the cognitive approach to treating depression (5)

A
  • effective, lots of support e.g. March et al drug vs therapy 86% both
  • doesn’t work in most severe cases
  • success may be down to relationship with therapist rather than therapy itself
  • some patients want to explore past but CBT focus is on present and future
  • overemphasis on cognition, ignores situation e.g. poverty
46
Q

name the possible genetic explanations for OCD (3)

A
  • candidate genes
  • polygenic code
  • different types of OCD coded for by different genes
47
Q

what is the diathesis-stress model?

A

suggests some genes leave people more likely to develop mental disorder such as OCD due to stress or trauma

48
Q

what neurotransmitter may be implicated in OCD?

A

seratonin

49
Q

evaluate genetic explanations of OCD (3)

A
  • good supporting evidence (68% c-rate in twin study by Nestadt)
  • too many candidate genes to suggest porbability, many may also only increase risk a little
  • support for diathesis-stress model, more than 50% OCD sufferers had trauma (Cromer et al)
50
Q

what are two possible neural explanations for OCD

A
  • role of seratonin, lowered seratonin function in brain

- impaired decision making in the brain, frontal lobe and parahippocampal gyrus

51
Q

evaluate the neural explanations for OCD (3)

A
  • supporting evidence - antidepressants work on seratonin system and reduce symptoms (Nestadt)
  • not clear which neural systems(s) involved
  • correlation not causation, could be symptoms rather than cause
52
Q

what are SSRI’s?

A

selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors

53
Q

what therapy is often used alongside SSRI’s and how do they work together?

A

CBT - drugs reduce emotional symptoms allowing patient to focus on therapy

54
Q

what are tricylclics?

A

older more hard hitting drug therapy with more side effects, used for those who don’t respond to SSRI’s

55
Q

what are SNRI’s?

A

seratonin - noradrenaline

second line of defence

56
Q

evaluate the biological approach to treating OCD (5)

A
  • Soomro et al drugs vs placebos, drugs most effective
  • drugs are cost effective and less disruptive
  • side effects can be severe, cause patients to stop them and get worse again
  • research could be skewed by drug company interest in profits
  • OCD following trauma may have underlying cause which needs to be addressed

Psychology (11 decks)

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