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Psychology > Chapter 1 - Social Influence > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

Define conformity

A

Change in behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a group or person

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2
Q

Define internalisation

A

Taking on the majority view and accepting it as correct. Permanent even when the group is absent.

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3
Q

Identification

A

Moderate conformity, we act in the same way but don’t necessarily agree with them

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4
Q

Compliance

A

Temporary superficial conformity where we go along with the majority but privately disagree

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5
Q

Informational social influence

A

Taking on the majority view because we believe it is correct and accepting it because we want to be correct aswell

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6
Q

Normative social influence

A

Agreeing with the majority because we want to be accepted and liked, can lead to compliance

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7
Q

Give an example of internalisation

A

Becoming veggie because your friends are

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8
Q

Give and example of identification

A

Listening to the same music even if you don’t like it

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9
Q

Example of compliance

A

Peer pressure

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10
Q

Example of ISI

A

Agreeing in class with someone else’s answer

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11
Q

Example of NSI

A

Being Tory

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12
Q

What is the two process theory?

A

Suggest two main reasons people conform;
ISI
NSI

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13
Q

Who developed the two process theory of conformity?

A

Deutsch and Gerard (1955)

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14
Q

Research support for ISI

A

Lucas et al (2006), asked students to give answers to maths questions of various difficulty. Greater conformity on harder questions

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15
Q

What are nAffiliators?

A

People who have a greater need for affiliation - greater conformity

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16
Q

Research support for individual differences?

A

McGhee and Teevan (1967) found that students with higher need for affiliation were more likely to conform

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17
Q

Why is it not always possible for the two processes to be distinguished?

A

Outside labs they can act together and one is simply more dominant - the approach is not either or

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18
Q

Individual differences in ISI research support?

A

Perrin and Spencer (1980) conducted conformity study w science and engineering students and found very low conformity rates -they are confident in their intelligence

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19
Q

How does Asch’s variations support NSI

A

Asked p’s to write down answers and conformity dropped to 12.5%

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20
Q

How many participants were in Asch’s original study?

A

123 male American undergraduates

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21
Q

Asch’s original task?

A

Assess line length

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22
Q

Asch’s original procedure

A

Each naive participant tested with 6-8 confederates
All confederates instructed to give same wrong answers after first few trials
18 trails total w 12 answered incorrectly by confederates

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23
Q

Asch’s findings

A

75% confirmed at least once

P have wrong answer 37% of the time

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24
Q

Name Asch’s variations

A

Group size
Unanimity
Task difficulty

25
Q

Findings for Asch’s group size variation?

A

3 confederates conformity rose to 31.8% but didn’t increase much further with addition of more confederates

26
Q

Findings of Asch’s unanimity variation?

A

Conformity level with one dissenting confederate reduced by a quarter

27
Q

Findings of Asch’s task difficulty variation?

A

Conformity increased as task got harder, mainly due to ISI

28
Q

How does Perrin and Spencer’s research into conformity suggest Asch’s study was a child of its time?

A

Repeated the experiment in the U.K. And only one student conformed in 396 trials. America at the time was a conformist culture.

29
Q

Findings for Asch’s group size variation?

A

3 confederates conformity rose to 31.8% but didn’t increase much further with addition of more confederates

30
Q

Findings of Asch’s unanimity variation?

A

Conformity level with one dissenting confederate reduced by a quarter

31
Q

Findings of Asch’s task difficulty variation?

A

Conformity increased as task got harder, mainly due to ISI

32
Q

How does Perrin and Spencer’s research into conformity suggest Asch’s study was a child of its time?

A

Repeated the experiment in the U.K. And only one student conformed in 396 trials. America at the time was a conformist culture.

33
Q

in which of Asch’s variations did conformity go down?

A

unanimity

34
Q

outline Zimbardos SPE

A

set up a mock prison with students randomly allocated to prisoner or guard.

35
Q

what were Zimbardo’s findings/conclusions?

A
  • guards behaved with brutality and prisoners tried to defy but became more psychologically disturbed
  • found that people conformed to social roles
36
Q

evaluate SPE

A
  • good control, random allocation
  • lack of realism, play acting to stereotypes
  • dispositional influence, only 1/3 of guards were brutal so conclusions of brutality are exaggerated
  • ethical issues
37
Q

outline Milgram’s original study into obedience

A

p’s gave fake electric shocks to ‘learner’ as directed by the ‘experimentor’

38
Q

what were the findings of Milgrams original study

A

100% gave shocks to 300v
65% gave shocks to full at 450v
p’s showed extreme anxiety

39
Q

what were the findings of Milgrams variations?

A

proximity - 40% where teacher could hear learner, 30% in touch proximity
location - 47.5% in run-down office
uniform - 20% when experimenter was ‘member of the public’

40
Q

evaluate Milgrams obedience research

A
  • low internal validity, p’s realised shocks were fake
  • good external validity e.g. Hoflings nurses
  • supporting replication (game of death)
  • ethics, deception
41
Q

what is the authoritarian personality?

A

type of personality where people are especially susceptible to obeying those in authority

42
Q

what did Adorno’s F-scale measure

A

unconscious attitudes to other racial groups

43
Q

what did Adorno et al find?

A
  • identify with the strong and extreme respect for authority
44
Q

what is authoritarian personality thought to be caused by?

A

extremely harsh parenting, children unable to express fears to parents so the feelings are displaced onto others who are percieved as weaker

45
Q

evaluate Adorno’s F-scale

A
  • Elm’s found that some of Milgrams p’s had authoritarian personality
  • can’t explain increase in obedience across a whole culture
  • equates with right wing, political bias
  • correlation not causation
46
Q

what is the agentic state?

A

acting as an agent of another and therefore not feeling responsible for consequences

47
Q

what is the autonomous state?

A

where a person is free to act according to their own conscience

48
Q

what are binding factors?

A

aspects of a situation which allow a person to limit the moral strain on themselves when they cannot quit

49
Q

what is legitimacy of authority?

A

created by the heirachical nature of the society in which we live

50
Q

what is destructive authority?

A

when problems arise due to the authority e.g. Hitler

51
Q

evaluate the agentic state

A
  • Blass and Schmidt found that people do blame legitimate authority for persons behaviour
  • cannot explain why some of Milgrams p’s didn’t obey
  • cannto explain the lack of moral strain on the nurses
52
Q

evaluate legitimacy of authority

A
  • explains social/cultural differences due to different social heirachies
  • real-life application e.g. nazis
53
Q

what is the process of minority influence gaining over majority

A
  • majority think more deeply about the issue and question the actions of the majority
  • snowball effect
54
Q

the 3 principles for gaining influence as a minority

A

consistency
commitment
flexibility

55
Q

evaluate minority influence

A
  • research support, Moscovici’s blue-green study
  • however Martin et al showed majority have greater effect since they lead to greater depth of thought
  • artificial tasks tell us little about real social change
  • limited real world application
56
Q

importance of social influence in social change?

A
  • NSI can lead to social change by drawing attention to the wrongs of the majority
  • gradual commitment can lead to change
  • disobedient role-models
57
Q

evaluate social influence and social change

A
  • NSI valid explanation off change, Nolan et al
  • indirectly effective and limited
  • majority views processed more deeply which contradicts process
  • methodological issues
58
Q

what is LOC

A

Rotter’s continuum of how much control people belive they have over events in their lives

59
Q

evaluate LOC

A
  • research support, internals less likely to fully obey (Holland, Milgram-style experiment)
  • contradictory evidence, Twenge et al showed that people have become more external and more disobedient
  • limited role of LOC

Psychology (11 decks)

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