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Psychology > Chapter 1 - Social Influence > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

Define conformity

A

Change in behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a group or person

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2
Q

Define internalisation

A

Taking on the majority view and accepting it as correct. Permanent even when the group is absent.

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3
Q

Identification

A

Moderate conformity, we act in the same way but don’t necessarily agree with them

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4
Q

Compliance

A

Temporary superficial conformity where we go along with the majority but privately disagree

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5
Q

Informational social influence

A

Taking on the majority view because we believe it is correct and accepting it because we want to be correct aswell

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6
Q

Normative social influence

A

Agreeing with the majority because we want to be accepted and liked, can lead to compliance

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7
Q

Give an example of internalisation

A

Becoming veggie because your friends are

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8
Q

Give and example of identification

A

Listening to the same music even if you don’t like it

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9
Q

Example of compliance

A

Peer pressure

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10
Q

Example of ISI

A

Agreeing in class with someone else’s answer

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11
Q

Example of NSI

A

Being Tory

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12
Q

What is the two process theory?

A

Suggest two main reasons people conform;
ISI
NSI

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13
Q

Who developed the two process theory of conformity?

A

Deutsch and Gerard (1955)

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14
Q

Research support for ISI

A

Lucas et al (2006), asked students to give answers to maths questions of various difficulty. Greater conformity on harder questions

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15
Q

What are nAffiliators?

A

People who have a greater need for affiliation - greater conformity

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16
Q

Research support for individual differences?

A

McGhee and Teevan (1967) found that students with higher need for affiliation were more likely to conform

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17
Q

Why is it not always possible for the two processes to be distinguished?

A

Outside labs they can act together and one is simply more dominant - the approach is not either or

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18
Q

Individual differences in ISI research support?

A

Perrin and Spencer (1980) conducted conformity study w science and engineering students and found very low conformity rates -they are confident in their intelligence

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19
Q

How does Asch’s variations support NSI

A

Asked p’s to write down answers and conformity dropped to 12.5%

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20
Q

How many participants were in Asch’s original study?

A

123 male American undergraduates

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21
Q

Asch’s original task?

A

Assess line length

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22
Q

Asch’s original procedure

A

Each naive participant tested with 6-8 confederates
All confederates instructed to give same wrong answers after first few trials
18 trails total w 12 answered incorrectly by confederates

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23
Q

Asch’s findings

A

75% confirmed at least once

P have wrong answer 37% of the time

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24
Q

Name Asch’s variations

A

Group size
Unanimity
Task difficulty

25
Findings for Asch's group size variation?
3 confederates conformity rose to 31.8% but didn't increase much further with addition of more confederates
26
Findings of Asch's unanimity variation?
Conformity level with one dissenting confederate reduced by a quarter
27
Findings of Asch's task difficulty variation?
Conformity increased as task got harder, mainly due to ISI
28
How does Perrin and Spencer's research into conformity suggest Asch's study was a child of its time?
Repeated the experiment in the U.K. And only one student conformed in 396 trials. America at the time was a conformist culture.
29
Findings for Asch's group size variation?
3 confederates conformity rose to 31.8% but didn't increase much further with addition of more confederates
30
Findings of Asch's unanimity variation?
Conformity level with one dissenting confederate reduced by a quarter
31
Findings of Asch's task difficulty variation?
Conformity increased as task got harder, mainly due to ISI
32
How does Perrin and Spencer's research into conformity suggest Asch's study was a child of its time?
Repeated the experiment in the U.K. And only one student conformed in 396 trials. America at the time was a conformist culture.
33
in which of Asch's variations did conformity go down?
unanimity
34
outline Zimbardos SPE
set up a mock prison with students randomly allocated to prisoner or guard.
35
what were Zimbardo's findings/conclusions?
- guards behaved with brutality and prisoners tried to defy but became more psychologically disturbed - found that people conformed to social roles
36
evaluate SPE
- good control, random allocation - lack of realism, play acting to stereotypes - dispositional influence, only 1/3 of guards were brutal so conclusions of brutality are exaggerated - ethical issues
37
outline Milgram's original study into obedience
p's gave fake electric shocks to 'learner' as directed by the 'experimentor'
38
what were the findings of Milgrams original study
100% gave shocks to 300v 65% gave shocks to full at 450v p's showed extreme anxiety
39
what were the findings of Milgrams variations?
proximity - 40% where teacher could hear learner, 30% in touch proximity location - 47.5% in run-down office uniform - 20% when experimenter was 'member of the public'
40
evaluate Milgrams obedience research
- low internal validity, p's realised shocks were fake - good external validity e.g. Hoflings nurses - supporting replication (game of death) - ethics, deception
41
what is the authoritarian personality?
type of personality where people are especially susceptible to obeying those in authority
42
what did Adorno's F-scale measure
unconscious attitudes to other racial groups
43
what did Adorno et al find?
- identify with the strong and extreme respect for authority
44
what is authoritarian personality thought to be caused by?
extremely harsh parenting, children unable to express fears to parents so the feelings are displaced onto others who are percieved as weaker
45
evaluate Adorno's F-scale
- Elm's found that some of Milgrams p's had authoritarian personality - can't explain increase in obedience across a whole culture - equates with right wing, political bias - correlation not causation
46
what is the agentic state?
acting as an agent of another and therefore not feeling responsible for consequences
47
what is the autonomous state?
where a person is free to act according to their own conscience
48
what are binding factors?
aspects of a situation which allow a person to limit the moral strain on themselves when they cannot quit
49
what is legitimacy of authority?
created by the heirachical nature of the society in which we live
50
what is destructive authority?
when problems arise due to the authority e.g. Hitler
51
evaluate the agentic state
- Blass and Schmidt found that people do blame legitimate authority for persons behaviour - cannot explain why some of Milgrams p's didn't obey - cannto explain the lack of moral strain on the nurses
52
evaluate legitimacy of authority
- explains social/cultural differences due to different social heirachies - real-life application e.g. nazis
53
what is the process of minority influence gaining over majority
- majority think more deeply about the issue and question the actions of the majority - snowball effect
54
the 3 principles for gaining influence as a minority
consistency commitment flexibility
55
evaluate minority influence
- research support, Moscovici's blue-green study - however Martin et al showed majority have greater effect since they lead to greater depth of thought - artificial tasks tell us little about real social change - limited real world application
56
importance of social influence in social change?
- NSI can lead to social change by drawing attention to the wrongs of the majority - gradual commitment can lead to change - disobedient role-models
57
evaluate social influence and social change
- NSI valid explanation off change, Nolan et al - indirectly effective and limited - majority views processed more deeply which contradicts process - methodological issues
58
what is LOC
Rotter's continuum of how much control people belive they have over events in their lives
59
evaluate LOC
- research support, internals less likely to fully obey (Holland, Milgram-style experiment) - contradictory evidence, Twenge et al showed that people have become more external and more disobedient - limited role of LOC

Psychology (11 decks)

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