Chapter 5 Psych

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A process that produces a relatively enduring change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experiences

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

The process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 3

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response with-out the need for prior learning

Question 4

Unconditioned Response

Answer 4

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Answer 6

The learned reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 7

The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other, similar stimuli as well

Question 8

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 8

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli

Question 9

High Order Conditioning

Answer 9

Procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; also called second order conditioning

Question 10

Extinction

Answer 10

The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior; occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with-out the unconditioned stimulus

Question 11

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 11

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Behaviorism

Answer 12

A school of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study o observable behaviors; especially as they pertain to the process of learning

Question 13

Placebo Response

Answer 13

An individual’s psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; also called a placebo effect

Question 14

Taste Aversion

Answer 14

A classically conditioned dislike for and avoidance of a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food

Question 15

Biological Preparedness

Answer 15

In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

Question 16

Law of Effect

Answer 16

Learning principle in which responses followed by satisfying effects are strengthen (more likely to recur), but responses followed by dissatisfying effects are weakened (less likely to recur)

Question 17

Operant

Answer 17

Skinner’s term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response

Question 19

Reinforcement

Answer 19

The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations

Question 20

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 20

A specific stimulus that increases the likelihood of a particular response because it indicates that reinforcement is likely to occur

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

A situation in which a response results in the removal of, avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations

Question 22

Primary Reinforcement

Answer 22

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities

Question 23

Conditioned Reinforcer

Answer 23

A stimulus or event that his acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer

Question 24

Punishment

Answer 24

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated

Question 25

Positive Punishment

Answer 25

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition f an aversive stimulus; also called by application

Question 26

Negative Punishment

Answer 26

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called punishment by removal

Question 27

Operant Chamber or Skinner Box

Answer 27

The experimental apparatus invented by B.F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors

Question 28

Shaping

Answer 28

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer. approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed

Question 29

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 29

A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is followed by a reinforcer

Question 30

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 30

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response Is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer

Question 31

Extinction (in operant conditioning)

Answer 31

The gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. In operant conditioning extinction occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer

Question 32

Partial Reinforcer

Answer 32

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement

Question 33

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 33

The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the time interval between responses

Question 34

Cognitive Map

Answer 34

Tolman’s term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment

Question 35

Latent Learning

Answer 35

Tolman’s term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available

Question 36

Learned Helplessness

Answer 36

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversion events procedures passive behavior

Question 37

Instinctive Drift

Answer 37

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response

Question 38

Learning Styles

Answer 38

The idea that people differ with regards to that mode of instruction is most effective for them

Question 39

Observational Learning

Answer 39

Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes.