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COD Psychology > CHAPTER 3 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process of detecting a physical stimulus, such as light, sound, heat, or pressure

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensations

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3
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation

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4
Q

Transduction

A

The process by which a form of physical energy is converted into a coded neural signal that can be processed by the nervous system

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5
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The smallest possible strength of a stimulus that can be detected half the time

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6
Q

Difference Threshold

A

The smallest possible difference between two stimuli that can be detected half the time; a.k.a just noticeable difference

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7
Q

Weber’s Law

A

A principle of sensation that holds that the size of the just noticeable difference will vary depending on its relation to strength of the original stimulus

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8
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

The decline in sensitivity to a constant stimulus; also has to do with duration of exposure

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9
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance from one wave peak to another

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10
Q

Pupil

A

The opening in the middle of the iris that changes size to let in different amounts of light

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11
Q

Lens

A

A transparent structure, located behind the pupil, that actively focuses, or bends light as it enters the eye

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

The process by which the lens changes shape to focus incoming light so that it falls on the retina

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13
Q

Retina

A

A thin, light-sensitive membrane, located at the back of the eye which contains the sensory receptors for vision

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14
Q

Rods

A

The long, thin, blunt sensory receptors of the eye that are highly sensitive to light, but not to color, and that are primarily responsible for peripheral vision and night vision

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15
Q

Cones

A

The short, thick, pointed sensory receptors of the eye that detect color and are responsible for color vision and visual activity

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16
Q

Fovea

A

A small area in the center of the retina composed entirely of cones, where visual information is most sharply focused

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17
Q

Blind Spot

A

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, producing a small gap in the field of vision

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18
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The thick nerve that exits from the back of the eye and carries visual information to the visual cortex in the brain

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19
Q

Optic Chiasm

A

The point in the brain where the optic nerve fibers from each eye meet and partly cross over to the opposite side of the brain

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20
Q

Color

A

The perceptual experience of different wavelengths of light, involving hue, saturation (purity), and brightness (intensity)

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21
Q

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

A

Theory that the sensation of colors results because cones are especially sensitive to red light ( long wavelengths), green light (Medium wavelengths), or blue light (short wavelengths)

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22
Q

Color Blindness

A

One of several inherited forms of color deficiency or weakness in which an individual cannot distinguish between certain colors

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23
Q

Afterimage

A

A visual experience that occurs after the original source of stimulation is no longer present

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24
Q

Opponent-process theory of color vision

A

Theory that color vision is the product of opposing pairs of color receptors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white; when one member of a pair is stimulated, the other is inhibited

25
Q

Audition

A

The technical term for the sense of hearing

26
Q

Pitch

A

The relative highness or lowness of a sound, determined by the frequency of a sound wave

27
Q

Frequency

A

The rate of vibration, or the number of sound waves per second

28
Q

Outer Ear

A

The part of the ear that collects sound waves; consists of the pinna, the ear canal, and the eardrum

29
Q

Eardrum

A

A tightly stretched membrane at the end of the ear canal that vibrates when hit by sound waves

30
Q

Middle ear

A

The part of the ear that amplifies sound waves; consists of three small bones: the Hammer, the Anvil, and the Stirrup

31
Q

Inner ear

A

The part of the ear where sound is transduced into neural impulses; consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals

32
Q

Cochlea

A

The coiled, fluid-filled inner-ear structure that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells

33
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

The membrane within the cochlea of the ear that contains the hair cells

34
Q

Hair cells

A

The hair-like sensory receptors for sound, which are embedded in the basilar membrane of the cochlea

35
Q

Frequency Theory

A

The view that the basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the sound wave

36
Q

Place theory

A

The view that different frequencies cause larger vibrations at different locations along the basilar membrane

37
Q

Olfaction

A

Technical name for the sense of smell

38
Q

Gustation

A

Technical name for the sense of taste

39
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

The enlarged ending of the olfactory cortex at the front of the brain where the sensation of smell is registered

40
Q

Pheromones

A

Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species

41
Q

Taste buds

A

The specialized sensory receptors for taste that are located on the tongue and inside the mouth and throat

42
Q

Pain

A

The unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with a crural or potential tissue damage

43
Q

Nociceptors

A

Specialized sensory receptors for pain that are found in the skin, muscles, and internal organs

44
Q

Gate-controlled theory of pain

A

Theory that physiological and psychological factors cause spinal gates to open and relay to the brain patterns of stimulation that are perceived as pain

45
Q

Proprioception

A

The sense of body movement and position

46
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Information processing that emphasizes sensory receptors in detecting the basic features of a stimulus in the process of recognizing a whole pattern; analysis that moves from parts to the whole

47
Q

Top-down processing

A

Information processing that emphasizes the observer’s knowledge, expectations, and other cognitive processes in arriving at meaningful perceptions; analysis that moves from the whole to parts

48
Q

ESP or Extrasensory Perception

A

Perception of information by some means other than through the normal processes of sensation

49
Q

Parapsychology

A

The scientific investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena and abilities

50
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

Founder of Gestalt psychology which is a school of psychology that maintained sensations are actively processed according to consistent perceptual rules, producing meaningful whole perceptions, or gestalts (picture of the man made of fruit)

51
Q

Figure-ground relationship

A

Gestalt principle stating that a perception is automatically separated into the figure, which is the main element of the scene, and the ground, which is its background

52
Q

Depth perception

A

The use of visual cues to perceive the distance of three-dimensional characteristics of objects

53
Q

Monocular cues

A

Distance or depth cues that can be processed by either eye alone

54
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Distance pr depth cues that require the sue of both eyes

55
Q

Size Constancy

A

The perception of an object as maintaining the same size despite changing images on the retina

56
Q

Color constancy

A

The perception of a familiar object as being the same color under a different light condition

57
Q

Müller-Lyer Illusion

A

A famous visual illusion involving the misperception of the identical lengths of two lines, one with arrows pointed inward, one with arrows pointed outward

58
Q

Moon Illusion

A

A visual illusion involving the misperception that the moon is larger when it is on the horizon than when it is directly overhead

59
Q

Perceptual Set

A

The tendency to perceive objects or situations from a particular frame of reference

COD Psychology (3 decks)

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