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COD Psychology > Chapter 4 Psych Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Psych Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

Personal awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment

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2
Q

William James

A

Described consciousness as a “stream” or “river”

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3
Q

Attention

A

The capacity to selectively focus awareness on particular stimuli in your external environment or on your internal thoughts or sensations

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4
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long; the cyclical daily functions in biological and psychological processes

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5
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

A

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing if circadian rhythm

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6
Q

Electroencephalograph

A

An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record the brain’s electrical activity

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7
Q

REM sleep

A

Types of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed

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8
Q

NREM Sleep

A

Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent; divided into three stages

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9
Q

Beta Brain Waves

A

Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness

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10
Q

Alpha brain waves

A

Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness

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11
Q

Hypnagogic Hallucinations

A

Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep

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12
Q

Sleep Paralysis

A

A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night

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13
Q

NREM stage 1

A

Mixture of Alpha and Theta brain waves

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14
Q

NREM stage 2

A

Sleep spindles; K complexes, theta brain waves, and beginnings of delta waves

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15
Q

NREM stage 3

A

Delta brain waves

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16
Q

Dream

A

An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep, and is experienced as a series of real-life events

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17
Q

Nightmare

A

A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep

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18
Q

Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming

A

The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis).

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19
Q

Neurocognitive model of dreaming

A

Model that emphasizes the continuity of waking and dreaming cognition, and states dreaming is like thinking under conditions of reduced sensory input and the absence of voluntary control

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20
Q

Sleep disorders

A

Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress

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21
Q

Insomnia

A

A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep

22
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep

23
Q

Narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day

24
Q

Parasomnias

A

Category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions: includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep sex, and sleep-related eating disorder

25
Q

Sleep Terrors

A

Sleep disturbance involving an episode of increased physiological arousal, panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode; typically occurs in stage 3 NREM sleep; also called night terrors

26
Q

Sleepwalking

A

A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of walking or performing other actions during state 3 NREM sleep

27
Q

Hypnosis

A

A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist’s suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior

28
Q

Posthypnotic Suggestion

A

A suggestion made during hypnosis asking a person to carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session

29
Q

Dissociation

A

The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity

30
Q

Neodissociation theory of hypnosis

A

Theory that explains hypnotic effects as due to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, with the hypnotic participant consciously aware only of one

31
Q

Hidden Observer

A

Hilgard’s term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis

32
Q

Meditation

A

Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and tightens awareness

33
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

A chemical or drug that affects brain function and alters consciousness, perception, mood, or behavior

34
Q

Physical dependance

A

A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms

35
Q

Drug Tolerance

A

A condition in which increasing amounts of a physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect

36
Q

Depressants

A

Drugs that depress, or inhibit, Brian activity

37
Q

Opioids

A

Drugs that are chemically similar to morphine and that relieve pain and produce euphoria; also called opiates or narcotics

38
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that stimulate, or excite, brain activity

39
Q

Psychedelic Drugs

A

A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, alter mood, and affect thinking

40
Q

Drug Abuse

A

Recurrent substance use that involves impaired control, disruption of social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning, and the development of craving, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms

41
Q

Barbituates

A

A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness

42
Q

Stimulates

A

A category of psychoactive drugs that increase brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental activity

43
Q

Caffeine

A

A stimulant drug found in coffee, tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over-the counter medications

44
Q

Nicotine

A

A stimulant drug found in tobacco products

45
Q

Amphetamines

A

A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppress appetite

46
Q

LSD

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; A synthetic drug; first synthesized in the late 1930’s

47
Q

Cocaine

A

A stimulant drug derived from the leaves of coca tree

48
Q

Mescaline

A

A psychedelic drug derived from the peyote cactus

49
Q

Marijuana

A

Psychoactive ingredients include THC (tetrahydrocanannibol), made from hashish made from the resin of the hemp plant

50
Q

MDMA or Ecstasy

A

Synthetic club drugs that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects

51
Q

Dissociative anesthetics

A

Class of drugs that reduce sensitivity to pain and produce feelings of detachment and dissociation; includes the club drugs phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine

52
Q

Stimulus Control Therapy

A

designed to help individuals suffering from insomnia to strengthen the bed and bedroom as cues for sleep, to weaken the bed and bedroom as cues for arousal, and to develop a consistent sleep–wake schedule to help maintain improvement

COD Psychology (3 decks)

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