Chapter 5 Practice Test Flashcards
Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together are a:
a. category. c. secondary group.
b. primary group. d. aggregate.
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People who share similar characteristics but do not interact or take one another into account are a:
a. category b. aggregate.
c. social group. d. network.
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The members of a ________ think of themselves as belonging together and they interact with one another.
a. category c. out-group
b. group d. aggregate
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Which type of group provides intimate, face-to-face interaction and a feeling of who we are?
a. aggregate c. secondary group
b. primary group d. category
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Of the following characteristics, which one is least applicable to secondary groups?
a. personal and face-to-face c. common interest or activity
b. large and anonymous d. formal
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The term “iron law of oligarchy” was coined by:
a. Robert Michels. c. Irving Janis.
b. Rosabeth Kanter. d. Clark Griswald.
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Out-groups are:
a. groups who practice the values of mainstream society in an outstanding manner.
b. groups supporting rebellion against mainstream values.
c. groups towards which a particular person or group feels antagonism.
d. groups towards which a particular person or group feels loyalty.
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The groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves are called:
a. primary groups. b. reference groups.
c. voluntary groups. d. looking-glass groups.
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Ties that extend outward from an individual, gradually encompassing more and more people including professional contacts, friends, friends of friends, and mere acquaintances comprise:
a. the small world phenomenon. c. the hidden universe.
b. an electronic community. d. a social network.
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The small world phenomenon was an experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram featuring participants who acted as:
a. prisoners and guards. c. senders and receivers.
b. students and teachers. d. supervisors and employees.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the bureaucracy?
a. Assignments flow down the chain of command and accountability flows upward.
b. A division of labor where each worker has a specific task to fulfill.
c. Written rules and well kept records.
d. Personal attention and a feeling of being irreplaceable to the organization.
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The first theorist to identify the essential characteristics of an “ideal” bureaucracy was:
a. August Comte. b. Karl Marx. c. Max Weber. d. Emile Durkheim.
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To achieve more efficient results, bureaucracies shift the emphasis from ________ to _____________.
a. Ritualism/personal service c. alienation/satisfaction
b. personal loyalties/the bottom line d. goal displacement/achievement
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Marx termed the reaction of workers to being treated only according to roles and rules as:
a. positivism. b. determinism.
c. alienation. d. false consciousness.
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Which of the following contains hidden values that create a self-fulfilling prophecy that affects people’s corporate careers?
a. resistance b. bureaucracy
c. alienation d. corporate culture
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Coined by Max Weber, the term that means bureaucracies would increasingly govern our lives through rules, regulations, and emphasis on results is:
a. bureaucratic ritualism. c. the hidden corporate curriculum.
b. the rationalization of society. d. bureaucratic alienation.
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Which of the following is not one of the five ways Japanese corporations differ from United States corporations as pinpointed by William Ouchi?
a. Specialization is encouraged in Japanese industry to stay on top of technology.
b. Lifetime security within the Japanese company is taken for granted.
c. In Japan, work is like a marriage with worker and company committed to one another.
d. Decision making is done by consensus, each person affected by a decision is consulted.
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The sociologist who addressed small group dynamics in his research in the early 1900’s was:
a. Herbert Spencer. c. Talcott Parsons.
b. Georg Simmel. d. Karl Marx.
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A newlywed couple is an example of a:
a. triad. b. dyad. c. secondary group. d. bureaucracy.
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The least stable type of group is a:
a. triad. b. out-group. c. dyad. d. primary group.
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As a small group grows larger, it becomes more _______, but its ___________decreases.
a. stable/intimacy b. intensity/stable
c. populated/membership d. diversity/flexibility
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Another name for the socioemotional leader is the:
a. instrumental leader. c. democratic leader.
b. laissez-faire leader. d. expressive leader.
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Which type of leader tries to keep the group moving toward its goals?
a. Instrumental leader b. Laissez-faire leader
c. Democratic leader d. expressive leader
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The classic experiment on group conformity involving a comparison of the length of lines was conducted by:
a. Solomon Asch. c. Rosabeth Kanter.
b. Stanley Milgram. d. Georg Simmel.
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The term that refers to collective tunnel vision coined by Irving Janis is:
a. groupthink. c. group polarization.
b. bureaucratic ritualism. d. bureaucratic solidarity.
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