Chapter 5 power point Flashcards
Factors that generally enter the discretion equation in any particular situation.
1: The nature of the criminal act.
2The attitude of the wrongdoer toward the officer.
3The relationship between the victim and the offender can influence the outcome.
4 department policy
Bureaucracy
A hierarchically-structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions.
Formal rules govern individual’s actions and relationships with employees.
ultimate goal is to reach maxiumum efficiency
Each police department is organized according to its environment
what are some of the characteristics of these environments? 3
The size of its jurisdiction.
The type of crimes it must deal with.
the demographics of the population it polices
Delegation of Authority:
The principles of command on which most police departments are based, in which personnel take orders from and are responsible to those in positions of power directly above them.
Span of control:
Number of subordinates a superior officer can effectively manage.
for a police sergent :8-10 officers
Also known as “operations” or “line services,” field services include:
Also known as “operations” or “line services,” field services include:
Patrol activities
Investigations
Special operations
The Purpose of Patrol
1The deterrence of crime by maintaining a visible police presence.
2The maintenance of public order and a sense of security in the community.
3 the twenty-four-hour provision of services that are not crime related
Four general categories of routine patrol officer activity:
- Preventive patrol
- Calls for service
- Administrative duties
- Officer-initiated activities
Detective
the primary police investigator
Undercover Operations:
undercover officers are commonly used to infiltrate large-scale narcotics operations or those run by organized crime
whats a CI
A CI is a person who is involved in criminal activity and gives information about that activity and those who engage in it to the police.
With preventive policing:
The goal is to prevent the crime from happening in the first place.
Entrapment
a possible defence for criminal behavior when a government agent plants the idea of committing a crime in the defendants mind
Cold cases
The length of time before a case becomes “cold” varies from department to department. In general, a cold case must be “somewhat old” but not “so old that there can be no hope of ever solving it.”
*cold case investigations rarely succeed
Forensic experts apply their knowledge to items found at the crime scene to determine crucial facts such as
- the cause of death or injury
- The time of death or injury.
- The type of weapon or weapons used.
- The identity of the crime victim.
- the identify of the offender
Ballistic is the study of
firearms, including the firing of the weapon and the flight of the bullet
A bloodstain pattern analyst can learn a great deal about a violent crime by what
by examining where blood landed at the scene, the size and consistency of the drops, and the pattern of the blood spatter.
Fingerprints are they reliable
Because no two fingerprints are alike, they are considered reliable sources of identification.
what is AFIS and what does it do
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) is used for criminal identification and has become central to the work of police and other law enforcement agencies worldwide.
genetic blueprint” or “code” for every living organism.
DNA
DNA is useful in criminal investigations because
no two people have the same genetic code except for identical twins
cold hit occurs when
law enforcement finds a suspect “out of nowhere” by comparing DNA evidence from a crime scene against the contents of a database.
the largest and most important database is the
National Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).
what is CAD
computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems to manage their incidence response strategies.
how does CAD Work
With CAD, a 911 dispatcher enters the information from a caller into his or her computer, which prioritizes the emergency based on its nature.
CAD also verifies the caller’s address and phone number and determines the closest patrol unit to the site of the emergency.
Directed Patrol:
Directed patrols target specific areas of a city and often attempt to prevent a specific type of crime.
hot spots
The target areas for directed patrols are often called hot spots because they contain greater numbers of criminals and have higher-than-average levels of victimization.
crime mapping and the purpose of them
Crime mapping uses geographic information systems (GIS) to track criminal acts as they occur in time and space.
The target areas for directed patrols are often called hot spots because they contain greater numbers of criminals and have higher-than-average levels of victimization.
Reactive arrests:
Arrests made by police officers, usually on general patrol, who observe a criminal act or respond to a call for service.
Proactive arrests:
Occur when the police take the initiative to target a particular type of criminal or behavior.
associated with directed patrols and broken window theory
Broken Windows Theory
Wilson and Kelling’s theory that a neighborhood in disrepair signals that criminal activity is tolerated in the area.
Community policing:
An approach that promotes community-police partnerships, proactive problem solving, community engagement to address issues such as fear of crime and the causes of such fear in a particular area.
Socialization
The process through which a police officer is taught the values and expected behavior of the police subculture.
Nondeadly force:
the concept of reasonable force, and it is the most used by law enforcement
Deadly force:
Deadly force is force that an objective police officer realizes will place the subject in direct threat of serious injury or death.
the fleeing felon rule
when a law enforcement officer is pursuing a fleeing suspect, the officer may not use deadly force to prevent escape unless “the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses .
Tennessee v garner case
suspect poses no immediate threat to the officer and no threat to others, the use of deadly force is unjustified…. It is not better that all felony suspects die than that they escape.
Racial Profiling
The practice of targeting people for police action based solely on their race, ethnicity, or national origin.
Civil Rights Violations:
Involves denial of the rights afforded to all citizens by the U.S. Constitution not to be discriminated against on the basis of race.
police corruption
as the misuse of authority by a law enforcement officer “in a manner designed to produce personal gain.”
three basic, traditional types of police corruption:
1 Bribery, in which the police officer accepts money or other forms of payment in exchange for favors.
2 Shakedowns, in which an officer attempts to coerce money or goods from a citizen or criminal.
3 mooching in which the police officer accepts free gifts
ethical dilemma is defined as a situation in which law enforcements___
- Do not know the right course of action;
- Have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or
- find the wrong choice very tempting
Noble cause corruption occurs when
“officers do bad things because they believe the outcomes will be good.”
examples of noble cause corruption i
planting evidence or lying in court to help convict someone the officer knows to be guilty
four categories of ethical dilemmas
discretion, duty, honesty, and loyalty.
law enforcement administrators can encourage ethical policing by:
Incorporating ethics into the department’s mission statement.
Conducting internal training sessions in ethics.
Accepting “honest mistakes” and helping the officer learn from those mistakes.
adopting a zero-tolerance policy toward unethical decisions when the mistakes are not so honest
Duty
A police officers moral sense that she or he should behave in a certain manner
