CHAPTER 5 - Political ideologies Flashcards
What is an ideology?
An ideology is a set of ideas or beliefs that shape a person or a group’s view of the world, and that often guide their actions and goals.
How do the ideologies view the significance of market and state?
Political ideologies often have different views about the role of the market and the state in society. For example, liberal ideologies tend to advocate for a market-based economy with a smaller state role, while socialist or communist ideologies tend to favour a larger state role in regulating the economy and achieving greater social equality.
How do the political ideologies view humans and society?
Political ideologies also have different views about humans and society, including beliefs about freedom, equality, justice, and power. For example, conservative ideologies often emphasize the value of tradition, individualism and free market, while progressive or radical ideologies often emphasize the importance of social justice and human welfare over market outcomes.
What is populism?
Populism is a political style that often appeals to ordinary people or “the common people”, often with appeals to nationalism and resistance against elites and established institutions.
How do the political parties act in relation to each other?
Political parties often compete with each other for votes and power, using a range of strategies such as forming alliances or coalitions, attacking their opponents’ policies and leadership, or trying to mobilize their own supporters through campaigning and messaging. The relationships between political parties can be complex and dynamic, shifting over time depending on various factors such as changing voter preferences, shifting power balances between parties, and the challenges of governing in a diverse and changing society.
Capitalism
Capitalism is a system of economic organization based on private ownership and the operation of the means of production to make a profit. The factors of production are owned and controlled by individuals or corporations who operate them for their own benefit. The market determines how goods and services are produced, distributed, and priced.
The comparative method
The comparative method is a research method used in political science to compare different political systems, institutions or processes. This method enables the researcher to identify similarities, differences and patterns and identify causal relationships.
Conservatism
Conservatism is a political ideology that emphasizes traditional values, such as family, religion, law and order, and national security. Conservative groups are often opposed to dramatic social and economic changes and instead prefer gradual change and stability.
Downs’ model
Downs’ model is a model used to analyze elections and voting behaviour. It uses a rational voter approach to assume that voters will vote in their best interest and will be influenced by factors such as party identification, policy preferences, and the media.
Issue-voting
Issue-voting is a voting behaviour where the electorate base their decisions on specific issues rather than voting for a political party or candidate due to larger ideological beliefs.
The left-right axis
The left-right axis refers to a political spectrum used to measure and classify political attitudes and ideologies. The left side is usually associated with socialism, progressivism, and liberal ideas while the right side is usually associated with conservatism, traditionalism, and conservative ideas.
Left-wing
Left-wing ideology emphasizes social equality and cooperation, often in the form of collective action, state intervention, and redistribution of wealth.
Liberalism
Liberalism is an ideology that emphasizes individual rights, freedom, and autonomy. Liberals advocate for a society in which the individual is free to succeed or fail without direction or interference.
Marxism
Marxism is a political and economic theory that advocates for a classless society in which resources and wealth are distributed equally. Marxism emphasizes the role of labour and views capitalism as exploitative of the working class.
Modern values
Modern values refer to the social, economic, and political attitudes that are associated with cultural and economic modernization. Individuals with modern values tend to be more liberal, cosmopolitan, and open to change.
Molin’s model
Molin’s model is a model of political ideology that measures attitudes towards state intervention by dividing ideologies into four categories (socialist, social democratic, liberal, and conservative).
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is a political ideology that emphasizes free-market capitalism, minimal state regulation, and privatization.
New policy
New policy refers to a type of public policy that aims to address new and emerging issues or problems.
Political branching
Political branching refers to the division of political parties into competing factions.
Political ideology
Political ideology refers to a set of views and ideas that shape a person’s perspective on politics, economics, and society.
Political rights
Political rights refer to an individual’s right to participate in political decision-making through the right to vote, join political parties, and express their opinions.
Populism
Populism is a political style that often appeals to ordinary people or “the common people”, often with appeals to nationalism and resistance against elites and established institutions.
Progressive ideology
Progressive ideology emphasizes the role of government in protecting individual rights and promoting equality and social justice through intervention and collective action.
Redistribution policy
Redistribution policy refers to a policy that aims to transfer wealth from the rich to the poor or from the majority to the minority. This is often done through taxation, welfare programs, or other forms of government intervention.
Reformist socialists
Reformist socialists advocate for a gradual shift to socialism through democratic means.
Regressive ideology
Regressive ideology emphasizes traditional values and social hierarchies, often at the expense of progress and individual rights.
Revolutionary socialists
Revolutionary socialists advocate for a swift and dramatic overthrow of the capitalist system through revolution.
Social conservatism
Social conservatism emphasizes traditional values and institutions such as family and religion and is usually opposed to social change and progressive values.
Social democracy
Social democracy is a political ideology that advocates for a balance between the efficiency of a market-based economy and social welfare programs that aim to reduce income inequality.
Social perception
Social perception refers to the way that an individual or group views society and social issues.
Social liberalism
Social liberalism emphasizes individual freedom and social equality and advocates for social reforms such as anti-discrimination laws and government intervention to promote social welfare.
Socialism
Socialism is an economic and political theory that advocates for public ownership of the means of production and distribution of wealth and resources in order to achieve social and economic equality.
Traditional values
Traditional values refer to the social norms, beliefs, and attitudes that are associated with an established cultural or religious institution.
Value-based politics
Value-based politics is a political approach that emphasizes the importance of moral and ethical values in the political decision-making process.
View of human
View of human life refers to how a political ideology or philosophy views the nature, values and potentials of human beings.
View of the role of the state
View of the role of the state refers to how a political ideology or philosophy regards the role that government should play in relation to individuals, society, and the economy.
