Chapter 5 - Physical Development Infants and Toddlers

Question 1

Apgar Score

Answer 1

The Apgar score rates your baby’s:

skin colour
heart rate
reflexes and responsiveness
muscle tone
breathing rate

Each feature is scored from 0 to 2, with 2 being the best score. The scores for each feature are added up to give a total Apgar score out of 10.

SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

Question 2

Features of Human Growth

Answer 2

Cephalocaudal Principle:
- Top-down
- Inside out

Cycles with layers of fat

Bones develop from cartlidge

Generations are taller and heavier than previous generations

Related to environmental factors
- Secular growth trends

Question 3

Mechanisms of Physical Growth

Answer 3

Heredity
- Height: highly heritable

Hormones
- Released by glands
- Travel through blood
- Act on other parts of the body

Nutrition
- Especially relevant in infancy
- Breastfeeding and bottle feeding
- Introduce one food at a time
- Early & often for common allergens

Question 4

Challenges to Healthy Growth

Answer 4

Malnutrition
Disease
Accidents

Question 5

Nerve Cell

Answer 5

Neurons are nerve cells that send messages all over your body to allow you to do everything from breathing to talking, eating, walking, and thinking

Question 6

Parts of the Developing Brain

Answer 6

Neural plate

Synaptic pruning

Frontal cortex

Language processing

Question 7

Reflexes - Babinsky

Answer 7

A baby’s toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe

Reason - unknown

Question 8

Reflexes - Blink

Answer 8

A baby’s eyes close in response to bright light or loud noise

Reason - to protect the eyes

Question 9

Reflexes - Moro

Answer 9

A baby throws it’s arms out and then inward in response to a loud noise or when it’s head falls

Reason - to cling to mother

Question 10

Reflexes - Palmer

Answer 10

A baby grabs an object placed in the palm of its hand

Question 11

Reflexes - Rooting

Answer 11

When a baby’s cheek is stroked it turns its head toward the stroke and opens it’s mouth

Reason - helps a baby find the nipple

Question 12

Reflexes - Stepping

Answer 12

A baby who is held upright and moved forward begins to step

Reason - precursor to walking

Question 13

Reflexes - Sucking

Answer 13

A baby sucks when an object is placed in its mouth

Reason - permits feeding

Question 14

Reflexes - Withdrawal

Answer 14

A baby withdrawals its foot when the sole is pocked with a pin

Reason - protects baby from unpleasant stimulation

Question 15

Locomotion

Answer 15

Posture is essential

Visual cues and inner-ear provide feedback

Stepping: 10 months

Differentiation

Integration

Question 16

Fine Motor Skills

Answer 16

Independent hands

Coordination of movements

Using tools

Handedness:
- Undifferentiated at first
- Differentiates around 13 months

Question 17

Smell, Taste, & Touch

Answer 17

(add info)

Question 18

Hearing

Answer 18

Emerges at 7 to 8 months gestation

Sound localization

Question 19

Auditory Threshold

Answer 19

the quietest sound that a person can hear

Question 20

Sight

Answer 20

Colour
Cones
Wavelengths
Size constancy

Question 21

Visual Acuity

Answer 21

The smallest pattern
that can be dependably distinguished

Question 22

Retinal Disparity

Answer 22

Differences in position on the left and right retinas for objects perceived to be nearby

Question 23

Relative Size

Answer 23

Cues for depth perception arising from an object’s size, with larger objects being nearer and smaller objects being farther away

Question 24

Interposition

Answer 24

Cues for depth perception arising from the degree to which an object is blocked from view by other objects, with nearer objects being in full view and farther objects being partially obstructed from view