Chapter 4 - Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The Stages of Prenatal Development

Answer 1

Zygote Stage (Week 1- 2)
Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)
Fetal period (Weeks 9-38)

Question 2

Zygote Stage

Answer 2

Week 1- 2

Begins as fertilized egg

Starts to separate into fetus and placenta
- Germ disc (fetus cells)

Moves down the fallopian tubes toward uterus

Implants into uterine wall

Starts to secrete hormones (HCG) that prevent menstruation

Question 3

Embryonic Period

Answer 3

Weeks 3-8

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

Question 4

Fetal Period

Answer 4

Weeks 9-38

Bodily systems start to work
Large shift in size

Question 5

Risks to Prenatal Development

Answer 5

Nutrition
* Balanced
* Folic acid

Stress
* Early
* Chronic

Age
* < 20
* > 40

Teratogens:
Diseases, Drugs, and Environmental Hazards

Question 6

Teratogens: Drugs

Answer 6

Slow growth

Heart problems

Cognitive delay

Poor social judgement

Limited motor skills

Question 7

Teratogens: Diseases

Answer 7

Transferred through:
- Placenta
- Birth canal or exposure during birth

Prevention - vaccines

Question 8

Teratogens: Environmental Hazards

Answer 8

Grassy Narrows First Nation

Water pollution

Mercury in fish

Intergenerational effects

Question 9

Teratogens

Answer 9

1. Teratogens interact
   with genotype
2. Timing of exposure
   matters
3. Damage is selective
4. Damage may not be
   obvious at birth

Question 10

Prenatal Diagnosis

Answer 10

Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling

Question 11

Birth Complications

Answer 11

Lack of oxygen
Low birth weight
Prematurity

Question 12

Placenta

Answer 12

A structure for exchanging nutrients and wastes between the mother and the baby

Question 13

Cephalocaudal Principle

Answer 13

Grows from the top down

Question 14

Proximodistal Principle

Answer 14

Grows from the center out

Question 15

When does the brain/spine grow?

Answer 15

After 4 weeks, a flat set of cells curls to form a tube. One end swells to form the brain, the other forms the spinal cord

During the period of the fetus, all regions of the brain grow , particularly the cerebral cortex

Question 16

When do testes/ovaries grow?

Answer 16

Near the end of the embryonic period males develop testes and females develop ovaries

Question 17

When does hair/eyelashes grow?

Answer 17

In the 5/6 months

Then covered in a thick substance called vernix which protects the fetus in the amniotic fluid

Question 18

The Age of Viability

Answer 18

22-28 weeks, most likely will survive if born at this time

Question 19

The Optimal Age for Having Children

Answer 19

Between 25-34 years

Question 20

Typical Fetus Age for Birth

Answer 20

38 weeks

Question 21

Cervix

Answer 21

The opening, entry to the birth canal

Question 22

The Apgar Score

Answer 22

Virginia Apgar

Used to evaluate the newborn baby’s condition

Look for breathing, heartbeat, muscle tone, reflexes (eg, coughing, crying), and skin tone

Question 23

4 Newborn States

Answer 23

Alert Inactivity

Waking Activity

Crying

Sleeping