Chapter 5 - Personality

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

the stable and distinct ways in which individuals think, feel, and behave in social interactions

Question 2

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 2

personality is the product of a dynamic interaction between conscious and unconscious mental structures

Question 3

Trait Perspective

Answer 3

personality is the combination of various stable dispositional qualities that a person exhibits

Question 4

Id

Answer 4

basic unconscious human drives (pleasure principle)

Question 5

Ego

Answer 5

regulation of id impulses according to environmental demands (reality principle)

Question 6

Super Ego

Answer 6

conscience, internalized standards of right and wrong (moral principle)

Question 7

Fixation

Answer 7

failure to resolve a conflict at a particular stage of development

Question 8

Anxiety and Defence Mechanisms

Answer 8

ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 9

Weak Superego Offender

Answer 9

an offender who possesses a weak or incomplete superego that is unable to control the instincts of the id, resulting in a lock of internalized representations of mortality and ethics

Question 10

Weak Ego Offender

Answer 10

an offender who possesses an underdeveloped ego, resulting in an inability to adapt his or her behaviour to the particular demands on the situation

Question 11

“Normal” Antisocial Offender

Answer 11

an offender who is a fully functioning adult with no maladaptive features but whose superego formation includes internalized pro-criminal attitudes and sentiments as a result of being primarily socialized by, and identifying with, a criminal parent

Question 12

Neurotic Offender

Answer 12

an offender who possesses an overactive or strong superego, resulting in over-socialization and a potential tendency to perceive and judge moral transgressions more harshly

Question 13

Attachment Theory

Answer 13

the idea that early relationships and bonds formed with caretakers in infancy significantly influence our capacity to form meaningful relationships with others as adults

Question 14

Secure Adult Attachment Style

Answer 14

• emerges from a secure attachment in childhood
• high self-esteem and views others as warm and accepting
• enjoy happier and healthier relationships

Question 15

Dismissing Adult Attachment Style

Answer 15

• emerges from avoidant attachment in childhood
• harbours a strong positive self-image that is contrasted by a poor, mistrusting regard of others

Question 16

Preoccupied Attachment Style

Answer 16

• emerges from ambivalent/anxious attachment in childhood
• a negative view of himself or herself and a positive view of others

Question 17

Disorganized/Fearful Adult Attachment Style

Answer 17

• emerges from disorganized attachment in childhood
• exhibits a desire to be around others but at the same time avoids getting too emotionally close to people out of fear of rejection

Question 18

Personality Trait

Answer 18

durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

Question 19

Cardinal Traits

Answer 19

dominant personality traits that are external characteristics of an individual

Question 20

Secondary Traits

Answer 20

personality traits that are related to specific attitudes or preferences and typically appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances

Question 21

Extraversion

Answer 21

talkative, sociable, fun-loving, assertive

Question 22

Neuroticism

Answer 22

anxious, self-conscious, insecure, irritable

Question 23

Openness

Answer 23

creative, non-conforming, broad interests

Question 24

Agreeableness

Answer 24

sympathetic, kind, trusting, cooperative

Question 25

Conscientiousness

Answer 25

ethical, dependable, efficient, organized

Question 26

Eysenck’s Theory of Personality and Crime

Answer 26

interaction between biology and the environment

Question 27

Psychoticism

Answer 27

generally characterized by aggression, tough-mindedness, egotism, non-conforming, and coldness (Eysnecks definition does not imply the presence of a serious mental illness)

Question 28

Personality Disorder

Answer 28

enduring pattern of thinking and feeling about oneself and others that significantly and adversely affects how one functions in many aspects

Question 29

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 29

pervasive pattern of disregard for violation of the rights of others occurring since age 15 years (failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, etc.)