Chapter 4 - Developmental Pathways

Question 1

Patterson’s Coercion Theory

Answer 1

the idea that early onset criminal and violent behaviour develops out of a family environment characterized by coercive and ineffective parent-child interactions

Question 2

Coercive Family Interactions

Answer 2

a pattern of dynamic child-parent interactions wherein the aversive behaviours of one individual elicit an equally aversive response from others, resulting in an escalation of dysfunctional behaviours towards one another

Question 3

Innocuous Aversive Tatics

Answer 3

lack of effective management and negative reinforcement (e.g., temper tantrums)

Question 4

Cumulative Disadvantage

Answer 4

early developmental and socio-economic difficulties that create subsequent developmental problems for individuals over the life-course

Question 5

Life-Course Persistent (LCP) Pathway

Answer 5

• a life-long pattern of antisocial behaviour
• few, persistent, and pathological
• high-risk environment
• offending is more pervasive and serious

Question 6

Adolescent-Limited Pathway

Answer 6

• anti-social behaviour begins in adolescence and desists in young adulthood
• normative offences
• social mimicry

Question 7

Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control

Answer 7

the developmental theory of criminal behaviour which argues that individuals desist from crime when they are subject to inform social controls (value of effect increases or decreases at different points of the lifespan)

Question 8

Prenatal Birth Complications

Answer 8

developmental difficulties experienced prior to birth caused by such factors as exposure to toxins during gestation

Question 9

Perinatal Birth Complications

Answer 9

developmental problems experienced immediately before or after birth

Question 10

Externalizing Behaviour Disorders

Answer 10

category of mental disorders that are characterized by behavioural indicators such as fighting, impulsivity, lying, or stealing

Question 11

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 11

externalizing behaviour disorder characterized by inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity

Question 12

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Answer 12

childhood externalizing behaviour disorder characterized by angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour, and vindictiveness

Question 13

Conduct Disorder (CD)

Answer 13

childhood externalizing behaviour disorder characterized by aggression toward people and/or animals, deliberate property destruction, deceitfulness or theft, and serious rule violations

Question 14

Parental Monitoring

Answer 14

process involving several interrelated behaviours, including parents’ awareness and knowledge of their children’s activities and limit setting on children’s behaviour

Question 15

Peer Rejection

Answer 15

children with low socio-economic status are more likely to engaged in delinquent and aggressive behaviour

Question 16

Peer Selection

Answer 16

peer-rejected children are more likely to socialize with like-minded peers