Chapter 2 - Genetics and Evolution

Question 1

Chromosomes

Answer 1

microscopic structures that contain DNA

Question 2

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 2

long, coiled, threadlike strand consisting of small segments

Question 3

Gene

Answer 3

small segment of DNA that consists the biological instructions for a certain characteristics of part of the body

Question 4

Polymorphism

Answer 4

gene that exists in more then one form

Question 5

Allele

Answer 5

alternative form of a gene that exists in more than one form

Question 6

Polygenic

Answer 6

trait or characteristic that is under the influence of multiple genes

Question 7

Monozygotic Twins

Answer 7

twins that develop from single fertilized eggs that, for unknown reasons, has split

Question 8

Dizygotic Twins

Answer 8

twins that develop from two eggs that independently fertilized by different sperm and vary genetically from one another

Question 9

Concordance Rate

Answer 9

percentage of two individuals who match one another with respect to the presence of a particular characteristic or condition

Question 10

Diathesis-Stress Model

Answer 10

genetic vulnerability or predisposition to develop a psychopathological condition

Question 11

Differential Susceptibility Model

Answer 11

individuals exhibit gene-based differences in their sensitivity or reactivity to the environment

Question 12

Epigenetics

Answer 12

processes that raise or lower gene activity level without altering the genetic sequence

Question 13

Intra-Sexual Competition

Answer 13

rivalry among the members of one sex, usually for mates or resources

Question 14

Natural Selection

Answer 14

differential survival and reproduction of organisms with genetic characteristics that enable them to better utilize environmental resources

Question 15

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptiveness

Answer 15

set of conditions that existed during ancestral time and to which the human body and brain adapted

Question 16

Selfishness

Answer 16

acting in ways that increase the chances of your own survival and reproductive success at the cost of someone else’s

Question 17

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 17

reproductive success of both the individual and their close genetic relatives

Question 18

Cooperative Behaviour

Answer 18

helping non-genetically related individuals will be adaptive, provided the recipient returns the favour

Question 19

Reciprocal Cooperation

Answer 19

evolutionary adaptive behaviour that involves providing a non-related individual with a benefit on the basis that they will return the favour and thereby increase survival and reproductive success

Question 20

Cheating Behaviour

Answer 20

accepting a benefit from another without reciprocating the favour

Question 21

Parenting Effort

Answer 21

proportion of the total reproductive effort invested in rearing offspring

Question 22

Mating Effort

Answer 22

proportion of total reproductive effort allotted acquiring sexual partners

Question 23

Frequency-Dependent Strategy

Answer 23

behavioural pattern that produces relatively greater success when its use within a population is rare and a relatively lower success when its use within a population is common