Chapter 5: Percieving Objects and Scenes

Question 1

apparent movement

Answer 1

even though movement is percieved, nothing actually moved (flash of light then a fraction of a second of darkness, then a flash to the side, people percieve the light as moving)

Question 2

border ownership

Answer 2

when the border belongs to one area, and when the perception shifts, the border ownership switches to the other area

Question 3

figure

Answer 3

the foreground

Question 4

figure-ground segregation

Answer 4

we see a figure seperated from a background

Question 5

gestalt psychology

Answer 5

how are configurations formed from smaller elements

Question 6

ground

Answer 6

the back behind the figure

Question 7

principle of common fate

Answer 7

things that are movig in the same direction appear to be grouped together

Question 8

principle of common region

Answer 8

elements taht are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together

Question 9

principle of good continuation

Answer 9

a rope looped over itself multiple times is percieved as one long string, not seperate pieces. points when connected result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and they follow the smoothest path.

Question 10

principle of good figure

Question 11

principle of pragnanz

Answer 11

good figure: every stimulus patter is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible (think the olympic symbol)

Question 12

principle of proximity

Answer 12

things that are near each other appear to be grouped together

Question 13

principle of similarity

Answer 13

similar things appear to be grouped together (circles of the same color are seen in the same group) can also happen to auditory stimuli

Question 14

principle of simplicity

Answer 14

good figure: every stimulus patter is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible (think the olympic symbol)

Question 15

principle of uniform connectedness

Answer 15

a connected region of the same visual properties such as lightness, color texture or motion is percieved as a single unit,

Question 16

structuralism

Answer 16

structuralists distinguished between sesnations (stimulation of the sense) and perceptions (more complex conscious experiences) sensations are like atoms and perception is like adding them up

Question 17

bayesian inference

Answer 17

probability of an outcome is determined by two factors: the prior probability, and the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the outcome

Question 18

binocular rivalry

Answer 18

the observer can combine both images and the observer percieved either the left-eye image or the right-eye image, but not both at the same time

Question 19

gist of a scene

Answer 19

the general description of the type of a scene

Question 20

global image features

Answer 20

features taht can be percieved rapidly and are associated with certain types of scenes ex degree of naturalness, openess, roughness, expansion, and color

Question 21

illusory contour

Answer 21

the three open pacman mouths that make a triangle, called this because we don’t see the countours but we percieve them.

Question 22

inverse projection problem

Answer 22

the task of determining the object responsible for an image on the retina, because it involves starting with the retinal image and extending rays out from the eye (ex a rectangle in different directions)

Question 23

light from above assumptions

Question 24

likelihood priniciple

Answer 24

we percieve the object that is most likelu to have caused the patten of stimuli we have recieved

Question 25

persistence of vision

Answer 25

the perception of a visual stimulus continues for about 250 ms after the stimulus is extinsguished

Question 26

physical regularities

Answer 26

regularly occuring physical properties of the enviornment (ex. more horiz and vert orientations than oblique orientations)

Question 27

regularities in the enviornment

Answer 27

stable characteristics of certain enviornments that influence our perception

Question 28

reversible figure ground

Answer 28

vase-face: can be seen as either or

Question 29

scene

Question 30

scene schema

Answer 30

when asked to visualize an object, you usually place them in a scene, ex when asked to picture a lion you imagine them in a savannah because thats whree they are naturally

Question 31

semantic regularities

Answer 31

characteristics associated with activies tht are common in different types of scenes ex. an office has bookshelveds, desk, computer etc.

Question 32

spatial layout hypothesis

Answer 32

proposes taht the ppa/phc respons to the surface geometry or geometric layout of a scene

Question 33

unconscious inference

Answer 33

our perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the enviornment

Question 34

visual masking stimulus

Answer 34

eliminates the persistence of vision, by flashing it, and its usually a random pattern that covers the original stimulus

Question 35

grouping

Answer 35

the process by which visual events are put together into unit or objects

Question 36

perceptual organization

Answer 36

the process by which elements in the enviornemnt become perceptually grouped to create out perception of objects

Question 37

perceptual segregation

Answer 37

the perceptual seperation of one object from another

Question 38

principles of perceptual organization

Answer 38

principles thatt determine how elements in a scene are grouped together

Question 39

segregation

Answer 39

the process of seperating one area or object from another

Question 40

viewpoint invariance

Answer 40

the ability to recognize abn nobject seen from different viewpoints