Chapter 3: Neural Processing

Question 1

Chevreul illusion

Answer 1

percieved light and dark bands at the border

Question 2

Hermann grid

Answer 2

ghostlike grey circles in the borders of a black grid

Question 3

staircase illusion

Answer 3

another name of the chevreul illusion because the gradient is like a staircase

Question 4

lateral inhibition

Answer 4

inhibition that is transmitted across the retina

Question 5

mach bands

Answer 5

light and dark bands created at fuzzy borders

Question 6

ommatidia

Answer 6

(hartline, wagner, ratliff) small structures with a lens that is located directly over a single receptor

Question 7

define lateral inhibition and describe research demonstrating the phenomenon

Answer 7

lateral inhibition is that the cells surroudning are supressed when they are all stimulated

Question 8

discussion lateral inhibition accounts and issues for 3 perceptual phenomena

Answer 8

accounts for mach bands, hermaans square and the chevreul illusion

Question 9

area v1

Answer 9

another name for the striate cortex, called this because it is the first visual recieving area

Question 10

center-surround anatagonism

Answer 10

small light in the center increase the firing, but as it gets bigger and covers the entire are including it inhibitory the firing rate decreased

Question 11

center surround organization

Answer 11

showed that neural processing could result in neurons that responsded best to specific patters of illumination

Question 12

center-surround receptive field

Answer 12

showed that neural processing could result in neurons that responsded best to specific patters of illumination, hubel and wiesel showed how nirons at higher levels of the visual sustem become tines to respond best to more and more specific kinds of stimuil

Question 13

complex cells

Answer 13

respond only when a correctly oriented bar of light moves across an entire receptive field

Question 14

end-stopped cells

Answer 14

fire to moving lines of a specific length, corners, angles or bars of a particular length, moving in a particular direction

Question 15

excitatory area

Answer 15

stimulating with light increase firing

Question 16

excitatory center, inhibitory surround

Answer 16

light inside increases, light outside decreases firing

Question 17

inhibitory area

Answer 17

stimulating with light decreases firing

Question 18

inhibitory center, excitator surround

Answer 18

light inside decreases, light outside increases firing

Question 19

lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 19

signals go here before the occipital lobe

Question 20

oreientation tuning curve

Answer 20

the relationship betwee orientation and firing

Question 21

receptive field

Answer 21

the region of the retina that must recieve illumination in order to obatin a response in any goven fiber

Question 22

simple cortical cell

Answer 22

cells with a side by side receptive fields , responds best to vertical bars

Question 23

striate cortex

Answer 23

visual recieving area, called this because it has a striped appearance when viewed in cross section

Question 24

superior colliculus

Answer 24

another area that reciees some signals from the eye, aother visual recieving area wit hthe occipital lobe

Question 25

visual recieving area

Answer 25

where the signals come in

Question 26

identify receptive field and the techniques to map them

Answer 26

flashing lights on receptors in the retina to understand how the neurons respond to the light

Question 27

function of the lgn and the difference beween cortical, complex, and end-stopped cortical cells

Answer 27

cortical - simple, side by side, vertical bars
complex - moving vertical bars in a certain direction
end-stopped - moving in a direction, corners etc (most complex)

Question 28

contrast threshold

Answer 28

the minimum intensity difference between two adjacetnt bards that can be detected

Question 29

experience dependent plasticity

Question 30

feature detectors

Answer 30

simple, complex, and eng-stopeed cells, called this because they response to specific features of a stimululs

Question 31

neural plasticity

Answer 31

the response properties of neurons can ne shaped by perceptual experience

Question 32

selective adaptation

Answer 32

ex. when you initially show a vertical line, the neuron starts firing like craxy, but with repeated showing, ithey start to adapt and fire less to vertical lines

Question 33

selective rearing

Answer 33

if an animal was reared in an environemn that contains only certain types of stimuli, then neurons that respond to these stimuli will become more prevalent

Question 34

method used for selective adaptation to orientation and discuss how the phenomena is related to feature detectors

Answer 34

you have more feature detectors for the features you encounter more often, we encounter vertical and horizontal lines more than oblique lines in nature etc

Question 35

contextual modulation

Answer 35

stimulating outside of the receptive field

Question 36

inferotemporal cortex

Answer 36

Gross, found that the neurons here respond to complex stimuli, higher level neurons

Question 37

population coding

Answer 37

the representation of a particular object by the patern of firing of a large number of neurons

Question 38

sensory coding

Answer 38

the sesnory code refers to how nerons represent various characteristics of the enviornment

Question 39

sparse coding

Answer 39

an object is is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of nerons with a majority fo neurons remaining silent

Question 40

specificity coding

Answer 40

the firing of a neuron that only responds to only that object

Question 41

contrast specificity coding, distrivuted coding and sparse coding

Question 42

discuss flexible receptive fields and explain context modulation