CHAPTER 5. OBSERVING LEARNING AND TEACHING IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOM

Question 1

What does the following description refer to?

those in which the learner is exposed to the language at work or in social interaction or, if the learner is a child, in a school situation where most of the other children are native speakers of the target language and where the instruction is directed toward native speakers rather than toward learners of the language

Answer 1

Natural and instructional settings

Question 2

What does the following description refer to ?

learner is exposed to language interaction in a social setting

Answer 2

Natural acquisition

Question 3

What does the following description refer to?

Language is not presented step by step. The learner is exposed to a wide variety of vocabulary and structures.

Answer 3

Natural Acquisition

Question 4

What does the following description refer to?

Learners’ errors are rarely corrected.

Answer 4

Natural Acquisition

Question 5

What does the following description refer to?

Learners must often use their limited second language ability to respond to questions or get information

Answer 5

Natural Acquisition

Question 6

What does the following description refer to?

Language is taught to a group of second or foreign language learners. The focus is on the language itself, rather than on the messages carried by the language. It works based on the following approaches

Answer 6

structure-based instructional environments

Question 7

What does the following description refer to?

there is considerable use of reading and writing, as learners translate texts from one language to another and grammar rules are taught explicitly.

Answer 7

Grammar Translation Approaches

Question 8

What does the following description refer to?

there is little use of the first language, and learners are expected to learn mainly through repetition and habit formation, although they may be asked to figure out the grammar rules for the sentences they have memorized.

Answer 8

Audiolingual Approaches

Question 9

What does the following description refer to?

Errors are frequently corrected.

Answer 9

structure-based instructional environments

Question 10

What does the following description refer to?

Learning is often limited to a few hours a week.

Answer 10

Structure-base instructional environments

Question 11

What does the following description refer to?

The teacher is often the only native or proficient speaker the student comes in contact with, especially in situations of FOREIGN LANGUAGE LEARNING

Answer 11

structure-based instructional environments

Question 12

What does the following description refer to?

It also involve learners whose goal is learning the language itself, but the style of instruction places the emphasis on interaction, conversation, and language use, rather than on learning about the language

Answer 12

Communicative, content-based, and task-based instructional environments

Question 13

What does the following description refer to?

There is a limited amount of error correction on the part of the teacher, and meaning is emphasized over form.

Answer 13

Communicative, content-based, and task-based instructional environments

Question 14

What does the following description refer to?

Learners usually have only limited time for learning.

Answer 14

Communicative, content-based, and task-based instructional environments

Question 15

What does the following description refer to?

A variety of discourse types may be introduced through stories, peer- and group-work, the use of ‘authentic’ materials such as newspapers and television broadcasts.

Answer 15

Communicative, content-based, and task-based instructional environments

Question 16

What does the following description refer to?

an approach that requires the observer to describewhat happens in the classroom, looking for patterns and relation ships, but trying not to limit the observation to any predetermined categories or expectations

Answer 16

classroom ethnography

Question 17

What does the following item refer to?

Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching (COLT)

Answer 17

It is one of the schemes developed for second language classrooms; described by Nina Spada and Maria Frohlich (1995).

Question 18

What does the following description refer to?

It was developed within the context of a project investigating the nature of L2 language proficiency and its development in classrooms, referred to as the Development of Bilingual Proficiency (DBP).

Answer 18

Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching (COLT)

Question 19

What does the following description refer to?

–The first of which describes classroom events at the level of episode and activity.

–The second part analyses the communicative features of verbal exchange between teachers and students and/or students and students.

Answer 19

Division of COLT

Question 20

What does the following description refer to?

Are there errors in the language of either the teacher or the students?

Answer 20

Errors

Question 21

What does the following description refer to?

when students make errors, do they receive feedback? From whom?

Answer 21

Feedback on errors

Question 22

What does the following description refer to?

do teachers and students ask questions to which they don’t know the answer in advance?

Answer 22

Genuine questions

Question 23

What does the following description refer to?

do teachers ask questions that they know the answers to so that learners can display their knowledge of the language (or lack of it)?

Answer 23

Display questions

Question 24

What does the following description refer to?

do the teachers and students work to understand what the other speakers are saying? What efforts are made by the teacher? By the students

Answer 24

Negotiation of meaning

Question 25

What does the following description refer to?

do the teachers and students talk about language, in addition to using it to transmit information?

Answer 25

Metalinguistic comments

Question 26

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the explicit provision of the correct form. fu the teacher provides the correct form, he or she clearly indicates that what the student had said was incorrect (for example, ‘Oh, you mean …’, ‘You should say…’).

Answer 26

Explicit correction

Question 27

What does the following description refer to?

It involves the teacher’s reformulation of all or part of a student’s utterance, minus the error. Recasts are generally implicit in that they are not introduced by ‘You mean’, ‘Use this word’, or ‘You should say.’

Answer 27

Recasts

Question 28

What does the following description refer to?

indicate to students either that their utterance has been misunderstood by the teacher or that the utterance is incorrect in some way and that a repetition or a reformulation is required. A clarification request includes phrases such as ‘Pardon me …’ lt may also include a repetition of the error as in ‘What do you mean by …

Answer 28

Clarification requests

Question 29

What does the following description refer to?

contains comments, information, or questions related to the correctness of the student’s utterance, without explicitly providing the correct form. Metalinguistic comments generally indicate that there is an error somewhere (for example, ‘Can you find your error?’).

Answer 29

Metalinguistic feedback

Question 30

What does the following description refer to?

refers to at least three techniques that teachers use to directly elicit the correct form from the students. First, teachers elicit the completion of their own utterance (for example, ‘It’s a …’). Second, teachers use questions to elicit correct
forms (for example, … ‘How do we say x in English?’). Third, teachers occasionally ask students to reformulate their utterance

Answer 30

Elicitation

Question 31

What does the following description refer to?

refers to the teacher’s repetition of the student’s erroneous utterance. In most cases, teachers adjust their intonation so as to highlight the error

Answer 31

Repetition

Question 32

What does the following description refer to?

is a way of observing teaching and learning in second or foreign language classrooms without a set of predetermined categories. Instead, the observer takes extensive notes of the activities, practices, and interactions and looks for the patterns that emerge.

Answer 32

Ethnography