Chapter 5: Nutrition Flashcards
What is the recommended nutrition source for infants?
Breastmilk is the preferred source for term infants—provides essential nutrients, promotes GI function, immunity, and is easy to digest.
What are the breastmilk storage guidelines (4/4/4 Rule)?
4 hours at room temp, 4 days in the fridge, 4 months in the freezer.
When should complementary foods be introduced?
Around 6 months—when the infant can sit with support and turn away when full.
When should bottle feeding be weaned?
Start offering a cup around 8–9 months; ideally fully weaned by 12 months.
What are the nutrition needs of toddlers?
One tablespoon of each food per year of age. Whole milk until age 2, then switch to 2%. Limit juice (1–3 yrs: 4 oz/day; 4–6 yrs: 4–6 oz/day).
What is physiological anorexia?
A normal drop in appetite around toddlerhood due to slowed growth and lower caloric needs.
What are the nutrition needs of teenagers?
Increased calorie needs—males may need up to 3000/day, females ~2000/day. Promote balanced nutrition despite preference for fast food.
What fluid and macronutrient trends are seen in children?
Higher fluid needs (140–160 mL/kg/day in infants), higher fat percentage in infants (50% of calories), calorie needs decline with age relative to weight.
What are early childhood caries?
Tooth decay from prolonged exposure to milk or juice—especially with bottle propping. Affects primary teeth and can impact speech and nutrition.
What is colic?
Unexplained, excessive crying in an otherwise healthy infant. Often peaks at 6 weeks and resolves by 3–4 months.
What is celiac disease?
An immune reaction to gluten causing malabsorption. S/S: chronic diarrhea, growth issues, abdominal bloating. Requires lifelong gluten-free diet.
What is PICA?
Eating of non-food items (e.g., dirt, paint, paper). Associated with iron/zinc deficiency or lead poisoning.
Clinical signs of PICA?
Nutrient deficiencies, GI issues, potential poisoning.
What is failure to thrive (FTT)?
Growth below 3rd or 5th percentile or downward crossing of two major growth lines. Causes include poor intake, absorption, or high metabolic needs.
Nursing interventions for FTT?
Accurate weight/height tracking, feeding support, promote consistent meal times, parent education, possible referral for social services.
S/S of anorexia nervosa?
Preoccupation with weight/control, cold extremities, dizziness, irregular menses, bloating, constipation.
S/S of bulimia nervosa?
Binge-purge cycles, eroded enamel, hand calluses, abdominal pain, electrolyte imbalances.
Nursing diagnoses for eating disorders?
• Disturbed body image
• Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
• Risk for electrolyte imbalance
• Ineffective coping
What is food insecurity?
Limited access to sufficient, nutritious food in socially acceptable ways.
What is the leading cause of childhood hunger?
Poverty—affects 1 in 5 children in the U.S.
Risks of childhood hunger?
Delayed growth, poor academic performance, behavior issues, chronic illness.
How is obesity defined?
BMI > 95th percentile for age.
How is being overweight defined?
BMI 85th–94th percentile.
What are nursing responsibilities for gastric tubes (G-tube, NG)?
Verify placement, maintain skin integrity, clean site, administer feedings safely, monitor tolerance, document I&O.
